全文获取类型
收费全文 | 27791篇 |
免费 | 2019篇 |
国内免费 | 1447篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 426篇 |
综合类 | 683篇 |
化学工业 | 8685篇 |
金属工艺 | 2771篇 |
机械仪表 | 1412篇 |
建筑科学 | 269篇 |
矿业工程 | 198篇 |
能源动力 | 1094篇 |
轻工业 | 2592篇 |
水利工程 | 19篇 |
石油天然气 | 464篇 |
武器工业 | 92篇 |
无线电 | 2693篇 |
一般工业技术 | 7043篇 |
冶金工业 | 970篇 |
原子能技术 | 1311篇 |
自动化技术 | 535篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 56篇 |
2023年 | 477篇 |
2022年 | 561篇 |
2021年 | 965篇 |
2020年 | 839篇 |
2019年 | 808篇 |
2018年 | 754篇 |
2017年 | 979篇 |
2016年 | 983篇 |
2015年 | 904篇 |
2014年 | 1356篇 |
2013年 | 1834篇 |
2012年 | 1666篇 |
2011年 | 2602篇 |
2010年 | 1713篇 |
2009年 | 1898篇 |
2008年 | 1672篇 |
2007年 | 1576篇 |
2006年 | 1276篇 |
2005年 | 1124篇 |
2004年 | 1077篇 |
2003年 | 991篇 |
2002年 | 847篇 |
2001年 | 489篇 |
2000年 | 472篇 |
1999年 | 421篇 |
1998年 | 370篇 |
1997年 | 296篇 |
1996年 | 318篇 |
1995年 | 260篇 |
1994年 | 261篇 |
1993年 | 206篇 |
1992年 | 229篇 |
1991年 | 190篇 |
1990年 | 157篇 |
1989年 | 108篇 |
1988年 | 79篇 |
1987年 | 63篇 |
1986年 | 56篇 |
1985年 | 71篇 |
1984年 | 76篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1982年 | 60篇 |
1981年 | 22篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1959年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 32 毫秒
101.
离子注入对Cr12MoV钢表面组织结构和力学性能的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了Cr12MoV钢离子注入层的显微组织特征及其对表面性能的影响。结果表明,离子注入使Cr12MoV钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能得到显著改善,且存在着一个最佳的注入剂量,约为3×10^1^7N^+/cm^2左右。离了注入在Cr12MoV钢表面层中形成了大量细小弥散的第二相粒子,并使α-Fe晶格发生严重畸变,从而引起材料表面强化。 相似文献
102.
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations of both the growth of an iron film on silicon (100) at room temperature and the subsequent formation of iron silicide are the subjects of this paper. An in-situ cleaned silicon (100) wafer without carbon or oxygen contamination exhibiting the known 2 × 1 reconstruction in the LEED pattern served as the substrate. Iron was deposited on this reconstructed surface at 300 K. The comparison of theoretical calculations based on three growth mechanisms with XPS data obtained with take-off angles of 0° and 50° clearly demonstrates a layer-by-layer growth of the iron film on silicon (100). At 300 K no formation of iron silicide was observed, although an interaction between iron and silicon could be detected at the interface. The formation of iron silicide was observed at annealing temperatures of 630–730 K. Quantitative XPS analysis yields the presence of FeSi2, when the thickness is large enough. Neither the iron film on silicon nor the silicide shows any LEED pattern. 相似文献
103.
研制了一种脉冲重复频率为10Hz的激光等离子体软X射线源;设计并建立了以掠入射恒偏单色仪为基础的脉冲等离子体软X射线辐射测试系统。光源实验使用能量1000mJ(波长0.53μm)的激光脉冲,聚焦在不同的金属靶上,使之离子化。这种高温等离子体产生的辐射包含了波长0.4~20nm的软X光连续谱和迭加在其上的线谱。靶材有Mg、Al、Ti、Fe、Cu、Zn、Sn、Pb和Bi。得到了不同原子序数的靶材辐射的光谱分布特性。 相似文献
104.
Motofumi Suzuki Kohei Kinoshita Shinji Jomori Hidehiko Harada Kaoru Nakajima Kenji Kimura 《Thin solid films》2007,515(22):8281-8284
The initial stage of iron silicide formation is investigated by high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. During the Fe deposition on Si(001) at 470 °C, the formation of FeSi2 is confirmed by the surface peak analysis. Initially, FeSi2 grows epitaxially so that one of the major crystallographic axes is parallel to the <111> axis of the Si substrate. With increasing Fe deposition, the deviation between the major crystallographic axis of the silicide region and Si<111> increases although the electron diffraction pattern is independent of the amount of Fe deposition. Therefore, the subsurface crystallographic structure of iron silicide is transformed from a cubic-like to a low-symmetry structure. 相似文献
105.
X-ray microtomography: Application to microstructure analysis of a cementitious material during leaching process 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Leaching of cementitious materials leads to an increase in porosity, which has important consequences on transport and mechanical properties. The present study outlines the characterization of microstructural evolution in a mortar subjected to a chemical attack, by means of a powerful non-intrusive experimental method, namely synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography. This innovative method is used to measure the variation of porosity in a leached mortar. Having described the effects of leaching in mortar (influences on microstructure and on mechanical properties), we present the accelerated leaching process and the microtomographic analysis that have been used to monitor it. We then investigate the capacity of this method to quantify the evolution of porosity during the leaching process. The method is validated by comparison of the results obtained with data available in the literature. 相似文献
106.
The behaviour of poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) (PBuDOT), a relative of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythipohnene) PEDOT within the poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene) family, has been investigated at potentials above its electrochemical stability threshold using in situ ESR spectroelectrochemistry. The aim was to investigate the effect of electrochemical overoxidation on the charge carrying species, namely polarons, normally generated and annihilated during reversible redox doping and dedoping reactions, by determining the potential dependencies of spectroscopic parameters of the ESR spectra of the polymer over a selected potential range. Specific features of the trends of these dependencies allowed also for an evaluation of presence of the second type of charge carrying species—diamagnetic bipolarons and the effects of their interactions with polarons at different potentials. Around 1.5 V, where the boundary of electrochemical stability of the polymer lies, sharp drop of the concentration of paramagnetic centres has been observed together with a transitory narrowing of the ESR line. These changes were found to be irreversible as evidenced by the course of subsequent reduction half-cycle, which differed from the one for a not overoxidised polymer, observed in previous studies. Aided by the results of electrochemical studies it was concluded that the overoxidation process leads to a degradation of the polymer most probably due decrease of the conjugation length of the main chain π-bond through cross-linking or addition reactions. While the electrochemical results pointed to a non-complete degradation of the polymer, the specific parameters of the ESR line in the reduction half-cycle indicate that the remaining spins are confined to isolated segments of a partially degraded polymer where their behaviour resembles oligomer-like radicals. 相似文献
107.
References: 《中国炼油与石油化工》2007,(3):35-42
The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), the synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) and the ruthenium ions catalyzed oxidation (RICO) method were used to determine the chemical structure of polyaromatic nucleus in Oman residue fractions. The results of 1H-NMR analyses showed that the average numbers of aromatic rings in the aromatics, resins and asphaltenes units were 3.2, 5.6 and 8.2, respectively. SFS was used to investigate the distribution of aromatic rings in residue fractions, the main distribution range of aromatic rings in aromatics, resins and asphaltenes were 3 4 rings, 3--5 rings and more than 5 rings, respectively. The aromatic network in residue fractions was oxidized to produce numerous carboxylic acids. The types and content of benzenepolycarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, benzenetricarboxylic acids, benzenetetracarboxylic acids, benzenepentacarboxylic acid and benzenehexacarboxylic acid disclosed the condensed types of aromatic nuclei in the core. The biphenyl fraction (BIPH), the cata-condensed fraction (CATA), the peri-condensed fraction (PERI) and the condensed index (BCI) were calculated based on the benzenepolycarboxylic acids formed. The results implied that there was less biphenyl type structures in all residue fractions. The aromatics fraction was almost composed of the cata-condensed type system, and the asphaltenes fraction was wholly composed of the peri-condensed type system, while in the resins fraction co-existed the two types, herein the peri-con- densed type was predominant over the cata-condensed type. Based on the analytical results obtained in the study, the components --aromatics, resins and asphaltenes -- were given the likely structural models. 相似文献
108.
Xueyuan ZhangWenle He Inger Odnevall Wallinder Jinshan PanChristofer Leygraf 《Corrosion Science》2002,44(9):2131-2151
Instantaneous corrosion rates of naturally patinated copper of varying age (16 months, 138 and 145 years) have been determined during continuous rain events in the laboratory with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a two-electrode cell. The two-electrode cell was found to yield the same information in bulk rainwater as a conventional three-electrode cell.Relatively constant corrosion rates, between 0.2 and 0.6 μm/y, were determined for samples having a two-layer structure with an inner brownish layer of cuprous oxide and an outer greenish layer of basic copper salts (138, 145 years). Samples with cuprous oxide as the dominating phase of the patina (16 months) showed higher and somewhat increasing corrosion rates during a rain event (from 0.6 to 1.2 μm/y). During a continuous rain event, corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownish patina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than corresponding instantaneous runoff rates. The first flush phenomena of the runoff process, with an increased concentration during first flush and a relatively constant concentration during steady state, was indirectly seen as an increase in solution conductivity during the first rain volume followed by relative constant value. The contribution of the concentration in the first flush to the total annual runoff rate was significant for panels having a greenish layer (138, 145 years) whereas it was negligible for panels having a brownish layer (16 months). 相似文献
109.
Porous alumina films can be found in a wide variety of materials, including filters, thermal insulation components, dielectrics, biomedical and catalyst supports, coatings and adsorbents. Production methods for these films are as equally diverse as their applications. In this work, a hybrid process based upon chemical vapor deposition and gas-to-particle conversion is presented as an alternative technique for producing porous alumina films, with the main advantages of solvent-free, low substrate-temperature operation. In this process, nanoparticles were produced in the vapor phase by reaction of aluminum acetylacetonate in the presence of oxygen. Downstream of this reaction zone, these nanoparticles were collected via thermophoresis onto a cooled substrate, forming a porous film. Some deposited films were subjected to post-processing in the form of annealing in air. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirmed the production of alumina at processing temperatures above 973 K. X-Ray diffraction revealed that the films were amorphous. Film thickness, ranging from 30 to 250 μm, and the average deposition rate were determined from scanning electron microscopy results. From transmission electron microscopy, the average primary particle size was determined to be approximately 18 nm and the formation of nanoparticle aggregates was evident. Annealing of the films at temperatures ranging from 523 to 1173 K in the presence of air did not have an effect on particle size. The specific surface area of the powder composing the films ranged from 10 to 185 m2 g−1, as determined from nitrogen gas adsorption by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. 相似文献
110.