Characterizing cyclic and static moduli and strength of compacted pavement subgrade soils considering moisture variation

Compacted soils are widely used as the subgrade layer for pavements. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of subgrade soils under cyclic and static loading conditions and their variation under the influence of environmental factors is required for the rational design of pavements based on mechanistic methods. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the cyclic and static moduli and the strength properties of seven different compacted Canadian subgrade soils considering the variation in the post-compaction moisture content. Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to reliably determine the resilient modulus (M_R). Unconfined compression tests, which allow an unloading-reloading loop at 1% strain, were performed to determine the deviator stress (S_u1%) at 1% strain, the reloading elastic modulus (E_1%) at 1% strain and the unconfined compressive strength (q_u) at failure. The physical properties, the chemical and mineralogical compositions, and the soil-water characteristics of these soils were also determined. Relationships were developed to predict the M_R from the S_u1%, E_1%, q_u and soil physical properties for the investigated subgrade soils because the experimental determination of M_R is both expensive and time-consuming. The studies presented in this paper provide useful information and approaches that can be used to promote the implementation of mechanistic pavement design methods using simple techniques.     

Dynamic properties of calcareous and siliceous sands under isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions

The strain-dependent dynamic properties of sand are generally described by their relative density and mean effective stress, while the contribution of other factors, like soil origin, mineralogy, grain morphology, and initial stress anisotropy, have not been fully recognized. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the shear modulus and damping ratio of calcareous and siliceous sands of different origins and their identical grain size distribution and stress-density states. Resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted samples of these two sands obtained from coastal areas. The significance of the initial effective confining pressure and stress anisotropy on the dynamic properties of the sands is evaluated and compared. It is demonstrated that the small-strain shear modulus of the calcareous sand is more affected by an increase in mean effective confining pressure than the siliceous sand. However, the effect of the initial shear on the secant shear modulus of the sands is unique. Based on the test data, a rigorous correction factor is proposed to account for the influence of the initial stress anisotropy on the small-strain shear modulus of the sands. A comparison between the strain-dependent dynamic properties of the calcareous and siliceous sands reveals that the calcareous sand has a higher secant shear modulus, lower damping ratio, and higher linear and volumetric threshold strain. Since the stress-density states and grain size distribution of the two sands were identical in the experiments, the discrepancy in the dynamic properties can be attributed to other factors, including sand origin, grain angularity, mineralogy, and formation processes, which are not commonly taken into account in the current practice.     

珊瑚礁砂砾料力学行为与颗粒破碎的试验研究

珊瑚礁砂砾石是中国南海岛礁建设的主要填料,因为特殊的生物成因和多孔隙的颗粒结构,极易产生颗粒破碎。对取自南海某岛礁的珊瑚礁砂砾石填料开展了大型压缩试验、三轴排水剪切试验和三轴不排水剪切试验,研究了压缩指数、杨氏模量、剪胀和强度等基本工程力学指标与颗粒破碎的变化规律。在相同的压缩作用下,疏松试样比密实试样的颗粒破碎程度更大。颗粒破碎程度随着压力的增大而显著增大,导致珊瑚礁砂砾料的压缩模量和杨氏模量随压力的增大增幅不明显,峰值摩擦角和临界状态摩擦角随压力的增高而显著降低。颗粒破碎过程具有明显的应力路径和应力历史依赖性,有无预压作用的相同密度的试样表现出显著不同的压缩特性,相同密度和初始压力的试样在排水和不排水剪切下也表现出明显不同的剪胀和强度特性。峰值摩擦角依赖于应力路径和颗粒破碎的演化过程;临界状态摩擦角与最终的颗粒破碎指标值有较好的相关性,与颗粒破碎的产生过程无关。     

道路沥青材料动力性质的关系

为研究沥青、沥青胶浆和沥青混合料等沥青材料的动力性质及其相关性,采用动态剪切流变仪(dynamic shear rheometer,DSR)对沥青和沥青胶浆进行试验,分析了两者动力性质的关系,建立了沥青胶浆复数模量与沥青复数模量、粉胶比的多元关系式;采用沥青混合料性能试验机(asphalt mixture performance tester,AMPT)对5种类型的沥青混合料进行动态模量试验,研究分析了沥青材料在同频率(或加载时间)和温度条件下模量与相位角的关系.结果表明:沥青混合料的模量和相位角可以通过沥青和沥青胶浆的模量和相位角来表示,且这种关系与频率(或加载时间)、温度无关.在此基础上建立了沥青、沥青胶浆和沥青混合料三者的模量与相位角的关系表达式.     

A unified approach to link small-strain shear modulus and liquefaction resistance of pumiceous sand

Natural pumiceous (NP) sands containing pumice particles, a type of volcanic soil, are commonly found in the central part of the North Island in New Zealand. The pumice particles are highly crushable, compressible, lightweight and angular, making engineering assessment of their properties problematic. In this paper, several series of bender element and undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted and undisturbed NP sands to determine their small-strain shear modulus (G_max) and cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). Furthermore, similar tests were also conducted on normal hard-grained sands (e.g., Toyoura sand) for the purpose of comparison. The results showed that the NP sands have considerably lower G_max compared to normal sands, resulting in their higher deformability during the initial stages of the cyclic loading test. The high angularity of NP sands play an important role toward the end of the cyclic loading and contributed to their higher CRR. Next, the ratio of CRR/G_max for each sample was correlated to a level of strain denoted as cyclic yield strain (ε_ay), which was found to be significantly dependent on the percentages of pumice particles present in the natural soils. On the other hand, the ε_ay was found to be less sensitive to the consolidation stress (σ′_c) and the relative density (Dr) of the materials. For example, over different values of σ′_c and Dr, NP sands have substantially higher values of cyclic yield strain due to their lower G_max and higher CRR when compared with those of ordinary sands.     

Empirical approaches to estimate the nonlinear dynamic responses of earth-core rockfill dams subjected to earthquake ground motions

This study investigates three aspects of the dynamic response of earth-core rockfill dams (ECRDs) under earthquake loadings, including induced shear strain, increased fundamental period, and shear modulus reduction. A database of the recorded ground motions of ECRD cases in Japan is analyzed to carry out this study. The required response parameters as mentioned above are extracted by analyzing the acceleration time histories recorded at the dams’ crests and foundations. Subsequently, statistical analyses are performed to achieve the objectives of this study. A graph is developed describing the change in the dam’s fundamental period with the induced shear strain, and it is observed that the increase of the dam’s period is dependent on the increase in the shear strain levels. A relationship is established to estimate the anticipated levels of shear strain from the intensity measure (IM) of the earthquake signals. In the proposed predictive relationship, a new IM is used that can adequately characterize the severity of an earthquake. Finally, a curve and a range are suggested for the average shear modulus degradation of the ECRD’s core materials. The presented empirical graphs and relationships in this study are valuable tools to obtain an appropriate perception of dams’ nonlinear behaviour under strong earthquake excitations.     

高模量碳纤维复合材料钻削力和加工缺陷分析

由于碳纤维复合材料独特的物理结构和化学性质,在其钻削加工中往往容易出现撕裂、毛刺、分层等缺陷,而这些缺陷与钻削参数以及钻削力息息相关。采用全因素实验研究了切削速度和进给速度对切削力以及钻削加工缺陷的影响。利用方差分析,对切削速度和进给量对实验结果的影响程度进行了分析。研究发现进给量是影响钻削加工最主要的因素,并且钻削轴向力和加工缺陷随切削参数的变化趋势基本一致。     

一种直线插补算法及其在机器人中的应用研究

针对基于PLC控制器的机器人实现直线插补的问题,对在降低控制器硬件配置和性能要求的条件下实现机器人直线插补的方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于等时间间隔的直线插补算法,即等时间周期法。该算法可以通过改变插补周期调整插补精度,从而改变插补算法所需的控制器运行速度和数据存储空间。在自主研发的四关节冲床上下料机器人上,采用松下FP-X型PLC作为控制器,对提出的插补算法进行了实验和验证,对插补误差进行了定性和定量分析。研究结果表明,所提出的插补算法完全能够在无插补指令的PLC上运行,并满足直线插补精度的要求,这对降低机器人的开发成本具有重要意义。     

恒温型热线风速测量系统稳定性研究与试验验证

在恒温型热线风速测量系统中,当放大器增益、热线工作过热比、惠斯通桥臂电阻和偏置电压等参量配置不当时,恒温型控制回路会进入失效状态使系统不能正常工作。本文分别对上述参量引起热线风速测量系统失效的机理进行了仿真研究,结果表明：惠斯通桥臂电阻确定了系统固有稳定工作区的大小,当热线工作过热比和放大器增益配置点进入固有稳定工作区时,系统在任何工况下均能稳定工作,否则在其他参量配置不当时就会失效;提高偏置电压能使系统脱离失效状态恢复正常工作。因此,提出了基于偏置电压的恒温型热线风速测量系统稳定性控制方法。试验结果表明,基于偏置电压的稳定性控制方法能有效避免系统失效,且调节过程简单,便于提高恒温型热线风速测量系统的测量性能。     

分阶振幅对薄金属超声焊接接头强度的影响

采用分阶振幅和恒定振幅对不同薄金属材料(0.1mm厚的铝片和镀镍钢片搭接成锂电池极耳)进行超声焊接,利用3D共聚焦显微镜分析了焊接接头表面形貌特征,并通过剥离试验测其接头强度。结果表明:与恒定振幅相比,采用分阶振幅超声焊接铝片和镀镍钢片可获得更高的接头强度,且标准差稳定,减少接头表面与工具头的粘附,剥离试验后接头表面相对平整,减少了焊接过程中较软金属中产生的裂纹。