A technique for recording polycrystalline structure and orientation during in situ deformation cycles of rock analogues using an automated fabric analyser

Two in situ plane-strain deformation experiments on norcamphor and natural ice using synchronous recording of crystal c-axis orientations have been performed with an automated fabric analyser and a newly developed sample press and deformation stage. Without interrupting the deformation experiment, c-axis orientations are determined for each pixel in a 5 × 5 mm sample area at a spatial resolution of 5 μm/pixel. In the case of norcamphor, changes in microstructures and associated crystallographic information, at a strain rate of ～2 × 10(-5) s(-1), were recorded for the first time during a complete in situ deformation-cycle experiment that consisted of an annealing, deformation and post-deformation annealing path. In the case of natural ice, slower external strain rates (～1 × 10(-6) s(-1)) enabled the investigation of small changes in the polycrystal aggregate's crystallography and microstructure for small amounts of strain. The technical setup and first results from the experiments are presented.     

部分负荷下混流式水轮机转轮叶片变形对流场的影响

将CFD流动分析软件与结构刚强度软件有机结合,对混流式转轮在不同工况下的流动进行分析。通过程序将流场参数加载到结构分析软件上,对变形后的叶片再次进行网格划分流场计算,并计算出混流式转轮叶片上的应力和变形,详细分析了转轮变形后的流场,达到了真正意义上的流固耦合。研究结果表明:最大应力发生在转轮叶片的出水边与上冠的连接处,应力集中较明显,易于发生疲劳破坏。产生最大变形的部位是转轮叶片的出水边与下环的连接处,且从上冠到下环变形量逐渐增大,即此部位就是叶片振动的敏感区域;转轮变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响表现在叶片进口边头部压力增大,叶片出口边靠下环处流速增大、压力下降,空化性能降低。变形后的流场使得尾水管内部的涡带产生、紊动加剧,说明叶片变形后对水轮机内部流场的影响是引起水轮机裂纹和振动的真正原因。     

6061铝合金焊接变形的数值分析

本课题是上海汽车工业基金汽车轻量化研究工作的一部分。汽车轻量化对于节省能源、保护环境、提高安全都有着重要的现实意义,而铝合金材料的应用则是解决该问题的有效途径之一。目前,国内在这一方面尚与先进国家存在较大差距,主要是由于铝合金结构在焊接工艺上存在较大问题。国内外相关文献主要集中在焊后组织及性能的模拟,本课题旨在对铝合金结构的焊接变形进行数值分析,为制定和优化焊接工艺提供必要的参考。     

坡口形式对Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的影响

近年来,异种钢焊接接头在工业应用上越来越广泛。在焊接中、厚板的异种钢接头时,为了获得全焊透接头通常需要在工件上准备坡口。由于坡口处需要填充焊缝金属,因此不同的坡口要采用不同的热输入和焊道布置。理论上而言,不同热输入和焊道布置对焊接残余应力与变形会有影响。采用数值模拟与试验手段相结合的方法研究坡口形式对Q345与SUS304异材对接接头的残余应力与变形的影响。以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元数值计算方法来模拟板厚为10 mm的V形和X形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢平板多道焊对接接头的温度场、应力场和焊接变形。采用盲孔法测量V形坡口接头表面的焊接残余应力;分别采用游标卡尺和三坐标仪测量V形和X形坡口接头的横向收缩和角变形。通过比较可知,不论是焊接残余应力还是焊接变形,计算结果与试验结果都吻合较好,验证了计算方法的有效性。研究结果表明,在Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续的现象,而且接头中SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区域明显宽于Q345侧。数值结果表明,坡口形式对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小,而对横向残余应力的峰值有一定影响。试验和数值模拟结果显示V形坡口接头的横向收缩和角变形明显大于X形坡口接头的值。     

基于换挡力的换挡摇臂多目标结构设计优化

换挡摇臂是换挡执行机构的关键零件之一,其变形与疲劳寿命对于换挡执行机构的正常工作具有重要影响。文中以某型电控电动式换挡机构的换挡摇臂为研究对象,首先通过多体动力学仿真计算获取载荷谱,基于有限元仿真计算换挡摇臂的应力分布,从而计算出换挡摇臂的变形与疲劳寿命;然后基于变形和疲劳寿命分析结果,选取换挡摇臂关键几何参数为设计变量,以换挡摇臂质量和换挡摇臂变形为目标,以换挡摇臂疲劳寿命为约束条件,通过响应面法对换挡摇臂结构进行多目标设计优化。结果显示,在换挡摇臂质量减轻的同时,变形不增反减。这充分说明文中建立的模型和优化方法具有一定的工程应用价值,为换挡摇臂的设计提供了重要的理论支撑。     

用有限变形弹塑性有限元法对金属塑性成形工艺的分析和优化

建立了一种基于中间构形及热力学第二定律的超弹性塑性本构关系，并由空间描述的弱平衡方程经一致转换得到了纠正的拉格朗日描述下的平衡方程，同时经线性化处理给出了非线性平衡方程组的Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒｅｐｈｓｏｎ迭代求解格式。以线材通过锥形模的拉拨成形为例进行了全面的有限元擞值模拟，从而检验了有限变形弹塑性有限无法在模具设计、工艺优化以及产品缺陷分析等方面的有效性。     

轴向超声振动辅助磨削的磨削力建模

以单颗磨粒为对象,分析轴向超声振动下磨粒的运动特性。在此基础上,将磨削力分为切屑变形力和摩擦力两部分,分别分析了轴向超声振动对切屑变形力和摩擦力的影响。在切屑变形力方面,轴向超声振动改变了磨粒运动方向与主切削方向间的夹角;在摩擦力方面,轴向超声振动降低了磨粒与工件间的摩擦因数。基于此建立了轴向超声振动辅助磨削的磨削力模型。通过对21Ni Cr Mo5H进行了轴向超声振动辅助磨削的磨削力试验,确定了模型中的常数,并验证了所建模型的正确性。建立的磨削力模型是轴向超声振动辅助磨削的磨削力预测的一种有效方法,对轴向超声振动辅助磨削机理的认识具有较大意义。     

Quantitative analysis of microstructure refinement in ultrafine-grained strips of Al6063 fabricated using large strain extrusion machining

Abstract

In present research work, ultrafine-grained strips of Al-6063 alloy were fabricated using hybrid extrusion machining technique known as “large strain extrusion machining (LSEM).” Fabrication of strips was done using the customized HSS tools of different rake angles varying from 0° to 10° under different machining conditions. Microstructural and mechanical characterizations of these strips were done to ascertain the effect of different parameters on their properties. From the results of hardness measurement of strips, it was concluded that hardness of the strips increased by 34–97% of the base material as of the refinement of grain size occurred. Surface lay was improved by 30% with higher cutting velocity and rake angle. Crystallite size was found to decrease with increase in the rate of strain. The shear strain was increased as chip compression ratio increased and rake angle decreased. Fabrication ability of strips increased due to increase in strain hardening exponent and it may result in the large scope of their applications. Nano-hardness of the strips was found to be more than bulk alloy. These above said results showed that ultrafine strips fabricated using LSEM process can become a good choice for future material fabrication.     

A new parametric control method for freeform mesh models

Parametric modeling technology is difficult to apply to freeform mesh models since there is no efficient way to impose geometric constraints. In this paper, we propose a novel method to control freeform mesh models parametrically. Our approach is to construct a control mesh that surrounds an object model and then impose constraints on it. The control mesh is parametrically controlled and the shape of the object model is modified by using an existing freeform deformation method. This paper is mainly concerned with automated construction of a control mesh and treatment of geometric constraints. Procedures for creating a control mesh are as follows: 1) determine the optimal orientation of the model, 2) project the model along three axes and extract contours, 3) create 2D control polygons for the contours, and 4) construct the 3D control mesh from the 2D control polygons. Geometric constraints are imposed on the edges and faces of a control mesh. Types of constraints are given by either a relative relationship between elements or an absolute displacement. A new control mesh is calculated by solving these constraints and the original model is modified accordingly. We tested our algorithms for two freeform models.     

声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的应用评述

低频机械波在传播过程中穿透力强,难以衰减,特别是次声频段的机械波易与机体器官发生共振,对身体造成危害。为了实现对低频机械波的有效控制,解决现代工业生产和生活中普遍存在的噪声污染问题,结合最近十几年发展起来的声子晶体和声学超材料,系统地总结和论述通过声子晶体和声学超材料解决低频振动噪声问题的新方法。归纳和总结典型的低频振动噪声来源和对其进行控制方面存在的一些困难,介绍低频振动噪声的危害。重点概括基于声子晶体禁带特性实现低频振动噪声被动控制的相关研究工作,主要介绍通过亚波长尺寸特征的杆、薄板和薄膜类结构来实现低频振动和噪声衰减的具体方法和效果。在声学超材料的理论框架下,讨论薄膜类结构在低频振动噪声衰减中的应用及其优缺点。通过结合实际工程需要和最新研究动态,对这一领域存在的问题和后续发展趋势进行总结。研究对推动声子晶体和声学超材料在工程实践中的应用具有一定的引导意义。