Use of ultrafiltration for preparing improved tomato pulp

The characteristics of high-quality tomato pulp (commercial def.: crushed or diced tomatoes with about 30% tomato juice as packing medium) canned with tomato juice pulp enriched by ultrafiltration as packing medium were compared with those covered with conventional vacuum-concentrated juice.
Both hot- and cold-break products were prepared and those containing 20% serum-reduced packing juice proved to be the best, showing no signs of syneresis on storage and with improvements in sensory properties, colour and non-enzymatic browning; some volatile components were reduced.     

Banach空间Fuzzy多值隐拟变分包含

在Banach空间中并在不具紧性的条件下，引入和研究了一类fuzzy多值隐拟变分包含及相应的fuzzy隐预解算子方程，借助预解算子技巧，建立了Banach空间中fuzzy多值隐拟变分包含与预解算子方程的等价性，得到了该类fuzzy多值隐拟变分包含的迭代算法与某些解的存在性定理及解的迭代逼近。     

Physical, Chemical and Sensory Changes in Irradiated Fresh Pork Packaged in Modified Atmosphere

The effects of irradiation dose (0, 0.5 and 1.0 kGy), headspace oxygen (0, 10 and 20% O₂, balance nitrogen) and storage temperature (5, 15 and 25°C) on the physical, chemical and sensory changes in fresh pork were studied using factorial design experiments. Irradiation in the absence of oxygen extended the sensory shelf life of pork from 9 to 26 days at 5°C and from & lt; 2 to 2 days at 25°C. Oxygen in the package headspace combined with irradiation adversely affected physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the end product.     

Efficient return algorithms for associated plasticity with multiple yield planes

A new return method for implicit integration of linear isotropic yield criteria is presented. The basic idea is to perform all the manipulations in the principal stress space and thereby achieve very simple formulae for calculating the plastic corrector stresses, based on the constant gradient of such criteria. The return formulae are in closed form and no iteration is required. The method accounts for three types of stress return: return to a single yield plane, to a discontinuity line at the intersection of two yield planes and to a discontinuity point at the intersection between three or more yield planes. The infinitesimal and the consistent elastoplastic constitutive matrix are calculated for each type of stress return, as are the conditions to ascertain which type of return is required. The method is exemplified with the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Existence, uniqueness and stability of the equilibrium points of a SHARON bioreactor model

This paper addresses the dynamics of a SHARON reactor, a promising technology for ammonium removal from concentrated wastewater streams. The contraction mapping theorem is used to determine which operating conditions of a SHARON reactor with pH-control result in a unique equilibrium state. However, this approach only identifies the case of very large dilution rates, in practice corresponding with complete biomass wash-out, i.e. with complete loss of biological activity. Practical operation of a SHARON reactor aims at reaching ammonium conversion to nitrite. To identify such interesting operating points, the equilibrium points are subsequently calculated directly in terms of input variables for a simplified SHARON reactor model. The stability of the obtained equilibrium points is assessed and the corresponding phase portraits are analyzed. The influence of slightly varying parameter and input values is investigated as well.     

A new methodology to appraise the physical characteristics of maize silage by image processing: effect of the ensiling process

We present a new computer vision method for measuring the physical characteristics of maize silages based on the extraction of image textural features, namely five Haralick features, the moments of order 1 and 2 on the grey levels of the image, and a fractal parameter. To show the effectiveness of these features for characterising the physical properties of the maize silage, a trial was performed on three maize cultivars (Zea mays L, a mid–early hybrid and an early hybrid) to study the effects of the ensiling process. The features could discern effects of the ensiling process on the physical properties of the maize silage. These effects were neither significant by comparing particle size distributions, nor with chemical compositions, whereas a biological response (degradation in the rumen) to the ensiling process exists. Thus image textural features seemed to give new and interesting measurements of the physical properties of the silage, explaining the biological response better than other methods. Furthermore, the ensiling effect was not the same with all the maize types and varied with the proportion of large particles in the silages. Linear relations between features before and after the ensiling process made it possible to predict a measure on a silage knowing its value on the parent forage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fixed point theorems on fuzzy normed linear spaces

In this paper, definitions of strongly fuzzy convergent sequence, l-fuzzy weakly convergent sequence and l-fuzzy weakly compact set are given in a fuzzy normed linear space. The concepts of fuzzy normal structure, fuzzy non-expansive mapping, uniformly convex fuzzy normed linear space are introduced and fixed point theorems for fuzzy non-expansive mappings are proved.     

An efficient return algorithm for non-associated plasticity with linear yield criteria in principal stress space

An efficient return algorithm for stress update in numerical plasticity computations is presented. The yield criterion must be linear in principal stress space and can be composed of any number of yield planes. Each of these yield planes may have an associated or non-associated flow rule. The stress return and the formation of the constitutive matrix is carried out in principal stress space. Here the manipulations simplify and rely on geometrical arguments. The singularities arising at the intersection of yield planes are dealt with in a straightforward way also based on geometrical considerations. The method is exemplified on non-associated Mohr–Coulomb plasticity throughout the paper.     

Wood inspection with non-supervised clustering

Abstract. The appearance of sawn timber has huge natural variations that the human inspector easily compensates for mentally when determining the types of defects and the grade of each board. However, for automatic wood inspection systems these variations are a major source for complication. This makes it difficult to use textbook methodologies for visual inspection. These methodologies generally aim at systems that are trained in a supervised manner with samples of defects and good material, but selecting and labeling the samples is an error-prone process that limits the accuracy that can be achieved. We present a non-supervised clustering-based approach for detecting and recognizing defects in lumber boards. A key idea is to employ a self-organizing map (SOM) for discriminating between sound wood and defects. Human involvement needed for training is minimal. The approach has been tested with color images of lumber boards, and the achieved false detection and error escape rates are low. The approach also provides a self-intuitive visual user interface. Received: 16 December 2000 / Accepted: 8 December 2001 Correspondence to: O. Silvén     

Two topographic maps for data visualisation

We review a new form of self-organizing map which is based on a nonlinear projection of latent points into data space, identical to that performed in the Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM) [Bishop et al. (1997) Neurl Comput 10(1): 215–234]. But whereas the GTM is an extension of a mixture of experts, our new model is an extension of a product of experts [Hinton (2000) Technical report GCNU TR 2000-004, Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College, London]. We show visualisation results on some real data sets and compare with the GTM. We then introduce a second mapping based on harmonic averages and show that it too creates a topographic mapping of the data. We compare these mappings on real and artificial data sets. Responsible editor: Soumen Chakrabarti.