极化智能天线的二维矢量波束形成方法研究

针对智能天线的匹配接收与干扰抑制等问题,将现有的基于均匀线阵的极化波束形成方法拓展到二维平面阵,提出了一种基于二阶锥规划的二维极化波束形成方法。在二维观测平面内,该方法通过对主瓣区域进行极化匹配设计以提高系统接收增益和主瓣干扰的抑制能力,在旁瓣区域将零陷凹面与极化约束进行叠加设计以最大限度提高干扰抑制能力,并建立最优的矢量波束优化模型,进而转化为两个等价的标量优化问题,可使用二阶锥规划求解。仿真结果表明:相对于现有的均匀线阵极化波束形成方法而言,该方法能够在方位-俯仰的二维平面上实现极化波束的约束优化,包括了主瓣极化匹配、零陷凹面的极化约束,提高了极化波束形成方法的工程实用性。      

基于共铁塔的基站天线对在线监测设备电磁影响研究

随着共享铁塔建设的全面开展,基站天线对同塔布置的输电线路在线监测设备的电磁干扰问题开始凸显。结合在线监测设备的电磁兼容标准,揭示了基站天线对在线监测设备的电磁干扰机理。通过建立电大尺寸金属散射体无源干扰求解模型,采用物理光学-矩量法混合算法求解基站天线在铁塔表面产生的感应电流,获得了在线监测设备处的散射电场值。以山东35 kV 共享铁塔为算例,以天线工作频率、天线与在线监测设备之间的间距为变量,分析了铁塔塔头型式、天线功率、天线倾角等不同工况下的散射电场变化规律。结果表明,铁塔塔头型式对干扰影响较小,而天线功率和倾角对干扰影响较大。以此为计算依据,建议天线与在线监测设备之间的防护间距为18m。     

用于水下通信系统的复合折反式接收天线设计

针对水下无线光通信系统中无法兼顾聚光效率和光斑均匀性的问题,文章设计了一种复合折反式接收天线。仿真结果表明,传统的菲涅尔透镜聚光效率只有58.725%,而新设计的复合折反式接收天线聚光效率达到86.557%。在保证高聚光效率的情况下,光斑的均匀性也较好,均匀度为0.659 3。随后分析了平行光源在不同角度入射时聚光效率和光斑位置偏移的变化,发现菲涅尔透镜在入射角为2°时聚光效率就只有3.582 2%;而文章所设计的复合折反式接收天线在入射角度为1.5°时,聚光效率仍可以达到50%以上,入射角度在4°时仍能检测到光斑。文章设计的接收天线在水下远距离无线激光通信系统中有很好的接收效果,该接收天线适用于高增益和小视场的水下无线激光通信环境。     

电动汽车“有意”及“无意”天线电磁干扰案例解析

随着电动汽车零部件所处的车内、外电磁环境日趋复杂,车载部件的电磁干扰问题备受关注。结合实车电磁干扰案例,对无钥匙进入及启动系统与真空助力系统的受干扰机理、优化措施进行了重点论述。案例表明:电动汽车后期加装行车记录仪可能给PEPS系统带来同频干扰;高功率短波电台通过"无意"天线也可以造成车载真空泵控制器异常使能甚至损坏。     

Smart antenna design for high‐speed moving vehicles with minimum return loss

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a connection amongst people and applications to another dimension of machine‐to‐machine communication. IoT scenario is unequivocally related with the development of the advancement of wireless sensor systems (WSNs) and radio‐frequency identification (RFID) frameworks. Owing to the technological advances around the world, energy demand is increasing exponentially. Energy proficiency has turned out to be one of the real worries in the present life that essentially influence every single human action. In communication system, return loss is a major issue for transmission process. Owing to return loss, a huge amount of power consumption occurs. This phenomenon is contemporary with transmission process, and it will initiate a serious problem for high‐speed moving substance like aircraft, rockets, and spaceship. To overcome this problem, a four‐element cylindrical antenna (conformal) array with better axial radiation is proposed. The four U‐shaped slots are uniformly wrapped around on a cylindrical surface, which produces tilted radiation. To enhance the axial radiation, four conformal elements are reefed by a one‐ to four‐microstrip feed network. The proposed conformal design has a bandwidth of 200 MHz (narrow bandwidth) at the center frequency of 3.9 GHz, covering the range of 3 to 3.9 GHz, with the gain of 4.9 dBic, and can be suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), wireless avionics intra‐communication (WAIC), and so forth. The proposed design is low profile and can be used for high‐speed avionic applications. Finally, machine learning technique is explored to design a model for a smart antenna with optimistic parameters to reduce return loss and enhance the transmission rate.     

A low scattering slot antenna based on broadband polarization conversion metasurface

An ultrawide band polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is proposed to reduce the reflection of a slot antenna. The proposed PCM can convert a linearly polarized incident wave to the reflected wave with a 90° rotation. By arranging the PCM around the antenna symmetrically, an ideal phase cancelation is achieved. To verify the design, a metasurface‐slot antenna is simulated and measured to confirm the proposed PCM for a significant reduction of the reflection. Results show that the normal reflection of the proposed antenna at boresight is reduced more than 10 dB over an ultrawide band. In addition, 2 dB enhancement of the gain is achieved compared with a reference antenna which has the same dimensions. Meanwhile, the small influence is observed for the antenna radiation by introducing the PCM.     

Design of a compact protrudent‐shaped ultra‐wideband multiple‐input‐multiple‐output/diversity antenna with band‐rejection capability

In this endeavor, a new multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna with a sharp rejection at wireless local area network (WLAN) band is designed and practically examined for portable wireless ultra‐wideband applications. The intended diversity antenna possess a small size of 15 mm × 26 mm and two inverted L‐strip are loaded over the conventional rectangular patch antenna to form protrudent‐shaped radiator that acts as a radiating element. The sharp band‐rejection capability at WLAN is established by incising the L‐shaped slits at the decoupling structure. More than ?21 dB isolation is accomplished for the complete working band (ie, 2.87 ‐17 GHz). Degradation in the antenna efficiency at the center frequency of band rejection corroborates the good interference rejection capability. The working capabilities of the intended antenna are tested by using the isolation between the ports, total efficiency, gain, envelope correlation coefficient, radiation pattern, mean effective gain, and total active reflection coefficient.     

Synthesis of sparse planar antenna arrays with multiple constraints

Synthesis of symmetrical sparse planar antenna arrays is introduced in this paper. In order to reduce the peak sidelobe level of the radiation pattern, the element positions of the arrays are optimized by invasive weed optimization with complex boundary conditions. The proposed algorithm changes a two‐dimensional optimization problem into a linear problem, which will reduce the complexity of the optimization procedure. The optimization method can constrain the size of the array aperture, the element number of the array, and the minimum spacing of the adjacent elements simultaneously. The simulation results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Direct and electromagnetically coupled compact microstrip antenna design with modified fractal DGS

This article proposes ultra‐miniature microstrip patches with direct and electromagnetically coupled feeding mechanism for wireless communications at 10 GHz. Antenna size reduction is achieved here by loading a modified Minkowski fractal (type‐2) defected ground structure (MFDGS‐II) exactly beneath the radiating patch. The proposed method involves the selection of best DGS configuration through sensitivity analysis of the antenna structure. From different applications point of view, three different designs: a single layer direct fed patch and two electromagnetically coupled fed multi‐layered microstrip patch antennas are proposed here and designed with MFDGS‐II. The resonant frequencies of the antenna designs are reduced in a significant manner incorporating MFDGS‐II without any change in the physical size of the antenna. The prototypes of the proposed antennas are fabricated, and the performance parameters are measured. Compared with other existing structures, with a lower patch size of 0.20 λ₀ × 0.15 λ₀, the proposed single layered antenna with microstrip feed achieves a patch size reduction up to 67% and an overall volumetric reduction of 84%, respectively. Similarly, the proposed multi‐layered patch with proximity feed exhibits a maximum impedance bandwidth of 600 MHz and the aperture coupled fed patch has a realized gain of 6.2 dBi with radiation efficiency of 91% centered at 10 GHz. All three proposed compact antenna structures are best in three different aspects and have the potential to meet the practical requirements for X‐band portable wireless applications.     

A substrate integrated cavity‐fed dual‐polarized filtering patch antenna with high isolation

This article presents a dual‐polarized filtering patch antenna, which uses two orthogonal modes (TE₂₁₀/TE₁₂₀) of the substrate integrated cavity (SIC) to couple with two orthogonal modes (TM₁₀/TM₀₁) of the patch by the cross slot, respectively. The second‐order filtering response on dual polarizations can be achieved by using just one SIC resonator and one slotted square patch, which display simple structure of the proposed antenna. The slotted square patch provides a new way to obtain same external quality factor of the radiator on dual polarization, which makes the performances on two polarizations agree well with each other when changing the bandwidth. High isolation can be achieved by controlling the space of the vias of the SIC. Radiation nulls can be produced by connecting the coupled lines with the feeding lines in parallel. A prototype with the entire height of 0.019 λ₀ (λ₀ is the free‐space wavelength at center frequency) achieves a 10‐dB bandwidth of 1.6%, the gain of 4.9 dBi at the center frequency, the port isolation of 43 dB, and the out‐of‐band rejection level of 25 dB.