Turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure loss in a double pipe heat exchanger with louvered strip inserts

In the present work, heat transfer and friction characteristics were experimentally investigated, employing louvered strips inserted in a concentric tube heat exchanger. The louvered strip was inserted into the tube to generate turbulent flow which helped to increase the heat transfer rate of the tube. The flow rate of the tube was in a range of Reynolds number between 6000 and 42,000. The turbulent flow devices were consisted of (1) the louvered strips with forward or backward arrangements, and (2) the louvered strip with various inclined angles (θ = 15°, 25° and 30°), inserted in the inner tube of the heat exchanger. In the experiment, hot water was flowed through the inner tube whereas cold water was flowed in the annulus. The experimental data obtained were compared with those from plain tubes of published data. Experimental results confirmed that the use of louvered strips leads to a higher heat transfer rate over the plain tube. The increases in average Nusselt number and friction loss for the inclined forward louvered strip were 284% and 413% while those for the backward louvered strip were 263% and 233% over the plain tube, respectively. In addition, the use of the louvered strip with backward arrangement leads to better overall enhancement ratio than that with forward arrangement around 9% to 24%.     

Turbulent convection in round tube equipped with propeller type swirl generators

This article is aimed at studying the heat transfer, friction loss and enhancement efficiency behaviors in a heat exchanger tube equipped with propeller type swirl generators at several pitch ratios (PR). The investigation is performed for the Reynolds number ranging from 4000 to 21,000 under a uniform heat flux condition. The experiments are also undertaken for several blade numbers of the propeller (N = 4, 6, and 8 blades) and for different blade angles (θ = 30°, 45°, and 60°). The influences of using the propeller rotating freely, on heat transfer enhancement, pressure loss, and enhancement efficiency, are reported. In the experiments, the swirl generator is used to create a decaying swirl in the tube flow. Average Nusselt numbers are determined and also compared with those obtained from other similar cases. The experimental results indicate that the tube with the propeller inserts provides considerable improvement of the heat transfer rate over the plain tube around 2.07 to 2.18 times for PR = 5, blade angles θ = 60° and N = 8. The use of the propeller leads to maximum enhancement efficiency up to 1.2. Thus, because of strong swirl or rotating flow, the propellers and their blade numbers become influential upon the heat transfer enhancement. The increase in friction factor from using the propeller is found to be 3–18 times over the plain tube. Correlations for Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) for the inserted tube are provided and the performance evaluation criterion to access the real benefits in using the swirl generators of the enhanced tube is also determined.     

Enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by thermal or alkaline-thermal pretreatments: Influence of hydraulic retention time reduction

The influence of hydraulic retention times (HRTs) reduction from 25 days to 15 days on the enhancement effects of two pretreatments (thermal pretreatment and alkaline-thermal pretreatment) on the continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge was studied in a long-term experiment (196 days). The operation of the semi-continuous AD fed with raw sludge or pretreated sludge was stable at the three HRTs. The methane production increased from 70.6 to 165.8 ml/L·d to 75.2–172.6 ml/L·d and the methane yield decreased from 98.9 to 234.9 ml/g added volatile solid to 65.6–144.9 ml/g added volatile solid when the HRT reduced from 25 days to 15 days. The two pretreatments reduced the HRT of raw sludge AD by over 40%, and the effects of the alkaline-thermal pretreatment were greater than those of the thermal pretreatment. The reduction of HRT from 25 days to 15 days increased the enhancement effects of the two pretreatments on the removal of organic matter (4.7–15.9% for volatile solid), average hydrolysis ratio (36.9–116.4%), and specific hydrolysis rate (44.1–155.6%) but decreased the enhancement effects of the pretreatments on the methane production (0.9–4.6%) and yield (4.0–15.8%), average reaction ratios (0.4–8.2%), and specific rates of the last three AD steps (0.1–13.9%). The influence of HRT reduction on the enhancement effects of the alkaline-thermal pretreatment for sludge AD was slightly greater than on the enhancement effects of the thermal pretreatment.     

数字媒体图像多特征反差增强方法仿真

由于图像在生成的过程中会有相对的噪声产生,而噪声会直接影响该图像中的多特征信息,导致信息表达不完全等情况。基于此提出了数字媒体图像多特征反差增强方法。首先将需要对受噪声污染的图像进行去噪;其次运用偏微分方程(PDE)方法,构建出一种PDE数学模型-TV模型,在对图像去噪的同时,保持原图像的边缘轮廓信息,并且运用Split Bregman算法,并引入辅助变量转换出分段线性函数的泛函极值;在偏微分方程的基础上,运用改进后的反差增强方法,根据直方图的均衡化结果利用累积分布函数的方法,来当做图像灰度的变换函数,以达到合理的调整固定动态范围,且让图像整体视觉效果增强、提高图像中多特征信息的目的。通过仿真结果可以得知,提出的方法可以处理图像中噪声的影响,并且可以将图像中的多特征信息进行有效的反差增强处理,且具有直方图均衡化结果优秀、图像特征增强效率的优点。     

利用旗形内插件强化气体传热

利用旗形元件强化管内空气强制对流传热,在实验条件下雷诺数的范围为2100～62000。实验结果表明,插入此种元件后可使下游相当于8～10倍管直径的距离内的传热系数较光管提高50～120％,而阻力仅上升10～40％,显然这是一种有效的强化传热的内插件。     

高速中文PostScript系统研究

PostScript为桌面设计过程中, 排版印刷的后端处理的开放标准。高速中文PostScript系统的实现涉及到多方面的技术我们一方面研究了中文PostScript系统的软件构成和算法另一方面, 设计并实现了基于Intel 80960CA超标量亿次处理器的高速中文PostScript处理硬件系统, 进一步将其扩充为分布式并行处理系统, 并在通用PC平台上实现单机和并行中文PostScript系统此外, 我们还提出了存储压缩等相关技术。本文探讨了上述系统的构成, 并对系统进行了测试和性能评价。测试表明, 我们通过采用这些高速的硬件系统及与其相适应的软件算法, 基本解决了中文’处理速度慢和成本高的问题。     

The Biochemical Processes Underlying Ozone Therapy

The type of application, the application range, and the dosage of a medical ozone/oxygen mixture (prepared from the purest oxygen and used in a concentration between 1 and 100 g/mL) have been derived principally from its employment in the preparation of drinking water and the regeneration of liquid waste. This is in the light of its bactericidal and fungicidal properties – which in the clinical field also comes under the heading of disinfection – in addition to the virucidal and thus the overall sterilizing property of ozone. Furthermore, within the biological system, different properties become manifest which may be summarized as its positive effect on blood circulation, and as expressed by an activation of oxygen transportation mechanisms and an improvement of active biological oxygen utilization.     

Removal of background label in immunocytochemistry with the apolar lowicryls by using washed protein A–gold-precoupled antibodies in a one-step procedure

Antiserum mixed with protein A–gold produces aggregates that can be washed by centrifugation and redissociated by ultrasonication. These precoupled antibodies are used for immunocytochemical labeling in a one-step procedure and reveal a very low background on sections of material embedded in polar and apolar Lowicryls. Controls have shown that the background label stems from serum components with only one protein A binding site and is discarded during the wash steps of the precoupling procedure.     

The Role of Misfit Dislocations in Strength Enhancement of Cu/Ni Microlaminates

This paper simulated the nanoindentations of Cu/Ni thin films with 2D Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) and examined the effects of the misfit dislocations on the mechanical properties of the microlaminates. The misfit dislocation network plays an important role in strength enhancement of Cu/Ni microlaminates because of its resistance to glide dislocations. But the strengthening also relies on the wavelength, which is defined as the thickness of adjacent two layers in microlaminates. When the wavelength is less than the critical value λc, the stress concentration caused by the movement of misfit dislocations will make Cu/Ni microlaminates weaken. Also, the critical wavelength should be more than the depth at which the dislocation nucleates in the homogeneous layer.     

基于极值域均值模式分解和独立分量分析的语音增强方法

提出一种基于极值域均值模式分解与独立分量分析相结合的低信噪比语音增强算法,解决更多噪声环境下低信噪比语音信号增强问题.该算法的核心思想是:利用独立分量分析的特点,分离出选取的固有模态分量的固有特性,消除信息混淆.通过最大相似度,筛选出需要处理的固有模态分量,对其进行独立分量分析,使噪声特性能够进一步集中,提高最大相似度,这样更有利于噪声的滤除.由于独立分量分析存在幅值、位置的不确定性,所以对滤波后的独立分量要进行二度重构,即独立分量分析重构和极值域均值模式分解重构,得到增强后结果.