Initial stage growth of GexSi1?x layers and Ge quantum dot formation on GexSi1?x surface by MBE

Critical thicknesses of two-dimensional to three-dimensional growth in Ge_xSi_1−x layers were measured as a function of composition for different growth temperatures. In addition to the (2 × 1) superstructure for a Ge film grown on Si(100), the Ge_xSi_1−x layers are characterized by the formation of (2 × n) reconstruction. We measured n for all layers of Ge/Ge_xSi_1−x/Ge heterosystem using our software with respect to the video recording of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) pattern during growth. The n reaches a minimum value of about 8 for clear Ge layer, whereas for Ge_xSi_1−x films, n is increased from 8 to 14. The presence of a thin strained film of the Ge_xSi_1−x caused not only the changes in critical thicknesses of the transitions, but also affected the properties of the germanium nanocluster array for the top Ge layer. Based on the RHEED data, the hut-like island form, which has not been previously observed by us between the hut and dome islands, has been detected. Data on the growth of Ge/Ge_xSi_1−x/Ge heterostructures with the uniform array of islands in the second layer of the Ge film have been received.     

城市形态设计方法——以德国城市形态设计发展为例

本文介绍了德国城市形态设计的主要内容和发展层次，通过实例分析了城市形态设计对城市发展的正面负面影响，指出了城市形态规划与城市和谐发展的互利关系，强调了城市形态设计的重要性。     

Native plants: A Nazi obsession?

This article seeks to challenge recent narratives about Nazi policies against non-native species. Drawing on heretofore ignored evidence and recent publications that draw a more nuanced picture of Nazi Germany's environmental history, it argues that the topic of non-native species was in fact open to debate in Nazi Germany, without a clear preference for a certain position, let alone a state doctrine. Some people argued that Nazi ideas called for a preference for native plants, while others disagreed or even ridiculed that position without fear of prosecution or worse. Furthermore, it seems that those who argued for native species did so out of opportunistic reasons, rather than authentic ideological convictions. The paper thus argues to continue the discussion over native species without a cliched picture of alleged Nazi policies which threatens to poison an important cross-disciplinary debate.     

The diverging paths of German and United States policies for renewable energy: Sources of difference

The United States and Germany started out with very similar policies for renewable energy after the energy crisis of the 1970s. By the year 2000 they were on very different policy paths and, as a result, the German renewable energy industry has moved well ahead of that in the United States, both in terms of installed capacity in the country and in terms of creating a highly successful export market. In this paper, we reject some of the conventional explanations for this difference. Instead, these differences arise from the intersection of contingent historical events with the distinctive institutional and social structures that affect policy making in each country. Our analysis of the historical path-dependent dynamics of each country suggests that those who wish to further renewable energy policy in the United States need to take into account these institutional and social factors so that they will better be able to exploit the next set of favorable historical circumstances.     

“下金蛋”的德国电信市场已成过去

德国电信市场自90年代初就开始逐步引入竞争。1996年通过《电信法》,并于1998年成立了独立的管制机构Reg TP。本文首先介绍了德国的电信管制情况,并重点描述了德国电信市场的竞争演变历程以及最新的发展态势。     

The seesaw of Germany's biofuel policy – Tracing the evolvement to its current state

Today, biofuels represent one of the most common options for larger scale substitution of conventional fuels. Due to the trans-sectoral nature of biofuels, a multitude of factors and actors determine the according policies of governments and the beliefs of societies. Especially since some impacts of biomass cultivation for bioenergy production are not yet fully understood. This article aims at showing the drivers that led to an introduction of biofuel policies in Germany and explains Germany's pioneering role in the promotion of bioenergy. Thereby the focus lies on the role of the main actors and their composition of so called discourse coalitions. The analysis indicates that the origin of the biofuel industry was a result of national and supranational market interventions, as well as it was intermittently an instrument of supporting renewable energies. Along the seesaw of Germany's biofuel policies seven discourse coalitions were identified who compete for discursive hegemony in order to gain political influence.     

青岛地域性建筑文化的演变

通过分析开埠以来中外文化交流对青岛特有地域性建筑形成的影响,归纳出青岛特有地域性建筑风格的形成要素。     

Novel urban water systems in Germany: governance structures to encourage transformation

Abstract

Novel technologies and concepts for urban water systems regarding the supply of different types of water, the separation of wastewater streams and the use of wastewater as a resource already exist, but for the most part have only been implemented in Germany in pilot projects. Limitations in the ability of governance structures to adapt might be one reason for the stagnation in their implementation. This hypothesis was investigated by means of literature analysis, expert interviews and stakeholder workshops. Obstacles to innovation were identified along with activities and measures that encourage implementation. In particular, institutional barriers and the difficulties institutions have in adapting represented key constraints. Thus routes to institutional innovation and new institutional arrangements among key players were identified and optimised. All in all, specific measures leading to cooperative management have the potential to support the necessary restructuring of institutional arrangements and pave the way for transformation.     

Impact of the EU Mediation Directive on the German Construction Sector

The European Union (EU) Mediation Directive of 2008 has to be transposed into German law by 2011. German law already complies with the Directive to a large extent. The only action that needs to be taken concerns the loosely defined obligations regarding the quality of mediation and the mediator’s right to refuse to give evidence. In both cases, only the law governing cross-border disputes needs to be amended. Nevertheless, it is likely that the Directive will have a significant impact on the German construction sector. In terms of cross-border disputes, German companies involved in other EU member states will feel the impact directly because the Directive makes mediation more effective by creating a consistent European framework that provides a balanced relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings. In terms of domestic mediations, the impacts of the Directive will be more indirect. The German lawmaker is likely to go beyond the requirements set out in the Directive, at least by applying the new rules to both cross-border and domestic mediations, but perhaps even by introducing incentives for mediation which are not required by the Directive.     

The Variation of Rare Earth Element and Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Contents of the Fluorite and Calcite of the Lode Deposits of the Erzgebirge and theThÜringer Wald (Germany)

Abstract

A German example of mineralisation of the Erzgebirge and the Thüringer Wald is known to belong to the metallogenetic belt of Saxothuringian zone of the Hercynian orogen. This paper exhaustively and critically examines a particular aspect pertaining to the variation of rare earth element and stable carbon and oxygen isotope contents of the fluorite and calcite of the lode deposits in these mineralisation areas.