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正交试验优化电镀Zn-Ni-P合金工艺 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
选取影响电镀Zn-Ni-P合金的6个工艺参数,设计了125(56)正交试验方案,探讨了镀液组成和电镀制度对Zn-Ni—P合金镀层性能的影响,用极差法分析了各工艺参数对镀层性能影响的显著性并确定了最佳工艺条件。优化验证实验结果表明:该工艺稳定,得到光亮、致密、外观平整的Zn-Ni—P合金镀层,得到的锌镍磷合金镀层的耐蚀性优于锌镍合金,且其耐蚀性随镀层中磷含量的增大而提高。 相似文献
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D. Umbrello L. Filice S. Rizzuti F. Micari 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》2007,47(11):1738-1743
The use of numerical simulations for investigating machining processes is remarkably increasing because of the simulation cost is lower than the experiments and the possibility to analyze local variables such as pressures, strains, and temperatures is allowable. Process simulation is very hard from a computational point of view, since it frequently requires remeshing phases and very small time steps. As a consequence, the simulated cutting time is usually of the order of few milliseconds and no steady cutting conditions are generally achieved, at least as far as thermal conditions are concerned. Therefore, nowadays numerical prediction of cutting temperatures cannot be considered fully reliable. In the paper this issue was taken into account: a mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical approach was utilized and the global heat transfer (film) coefficient at the tool-chip interface was derived through an inverse approach. Finally, the dependence of the film coefficient on pressure and temperature on the rake face was investigated. 相似文献
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L. Filice F. Micari S. Rizzuti D. Umbrello 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》2007,47(3-4):709-714
Despite the development of high performance finite element-based codes, the simulation of machining still represents a very hard task due to the geometric complexity of the real chip-tool systems and the high cutting speed that requires very long simulation times. For these reasons, many aspects related to machining are not very clear and so easy to simulate. In this paper a rigorous investigation on the role played by the implemented friction model within a 2D simulation of orthogonal cutting was carried out, taking into account different models proposed by the researchers in the last years. The main simulation results were compared with experimental measurements in order to verify if it is possible to identify the best model. Once the comparison with mechanical variables was completed, a subsequent study on temperature predictions utilizing the above friction models was executed as well. The results of this integrated numerical and experimental work are carefully reported in the paper. 相似文献
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Phosphorus content in soil, uptake by plants and balance in three European long-term field experiments 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
L. Blake S. Mercik M. Koerschens S. Moskal P.R. Poulton K.W.T. Goulding A. Weigel D.S. Powlson 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2000,56(3):263-275
The fate of phosphorus (P) derived from mineral fertilisers and organic manures, and the effective P balance, have been assessed in three long-term field experiments at Rothamsted (UK), Bad Lauchstaedt (Germany) and Skierniewice (Poland). This paper discusses the plant availability, uptake and overall utilisation of P over the last 30 years, based on soil test P availability indices and crop analyses determined by the standard methods used in each of the three countries. The data suggest that differences in soil type significantly influence the dynamics of P at the three locations, but most significantly between a loess Chernozem at Bad Lauchstaedt with a high organic matter content and the soils at the other two locations which have a low organic matter content. The application of P either as inorganic fertiliser or organic manure had a considerable influence on the availablity, uptake, leaching or fixing of P, but the crop recovery rate of P from mineral fertiliser did not exceed 35% with the smallest recovery (average 18%) occurring in the soil with the highest clay content at Rothamsted. At Bad Lauchstaedt and Rothamsted the most efficient utilisation of P (averages of 47% and 37%, respectively) was from soils treated with farmyard manure (FYM), with the greater quantity of P either leached or fixed (8 and 25 kg ha-1 y-1, respectively) occurring in soils treated with superphosphate. At Skierniewice, however, the reverse was true. Overall, the most efficient crop utilisation from mineral P (30% average) was from the loamy sand at Skierniewice. P balances for the three locations show that quantitatively, for the same P input, the amount of P either leached from or fixed in the plough layer of Broadbalk field, Rothamsted, was 2–3 times greater than at Skierniewice and 3–6 times greater than at Bad Lauchstaedt. The results suggest that differences in the soil physico-chemical properties, climate, the availability of other major nutrients, and the form in which P is applied, all influence the effectiveness of P fertilisation and P balance. The investigation highlights the importance of maintaining long-term field experiments and archived soil and crop samples on a world-wide basis for understanding nutrient cycling and fertility dynamics. 相似文献
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肉桂酸合成的正交试验设计 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以苯甲醛和乙酸酐为原料,在催化剂及加热条件下进行缩合反应来合成肉桂酸。用正交试验法研究确定了合成肉桂酸的较佳反应条件为:催化剂采用无水碳酸钾,用量为0.02mol,醛酐物质的量比1:1.5,反应时间105min,肉桂酸收率可达68%。 相似文献
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North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application. 相似文献