阵列式静电-电容传感器灵敏度特性研究

结合静电和电容传感技术各自的特点,提出了阵列式静电-电容传感器用于气固两相流中固相颗粒的局部速度、局部浓度以及局部流量测量。利用静电极片阵列与电容极片阵列获取管道内颗粒的速度分布与浓度分布,进而计算出颗粒的局部流量。该阵列式传感器参数测量的准确性直接取决于它的空间灵敏度分布特性。对静电极片阵列和电容极片阵列的灵敏度特性进行了研究。首先,建立了静电极片阵列的三维静电场模型,通过有限元法分析静电极片阵列的结构参数(电极长度、电极覆盖角等)对传感器灵敏度特性的影响;然后根据电磁场理论建立电容极片阵列的数学模型,并对其进行数值计算,研究管道厚度、管道介电常数、电极覆盖角等参数对传感器灵敏度特性的影响;最后搭建了传动带装置进行了实验研究,实验结果证实了模拟结果的准确性,为阵列式静电-电容传感器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

超声导波检测技术的发展、应用与挑战

回顾了近三十年的超声导波技术发展及应用,阐述了导波的频散现象及其求解方法,深入分析了导波激励的力学加载原理和模态选择原则。论述了导波的传感激励方法与装置,并比较了各种激励接收方法的特点与应用场合。对超声导波在板类、管类和复合材料中的应用进行了评述,并从提高缺陷检测能力的角度,介绍了时间反转法和相控阵法在超声导波技术中的应用。最后总结了当前导波技术面临的机遇与挑战。     

阵列式光谱辐射计光学参数测量

研究了阵列式光谱辐射计校准过程中涉及的杂散光和带宽等问题。实验比较了阵列式光谱辐射计在氙灯和卤钨灯照射下进行紫外辐射测量的差异,对差异的来源-杂散光部分进行了测评。采用一组已知透过率的滤光片,通过采集有滤光片和无滤光片条件下卤钨灯的光谱,对阵列式光谱辐射计的杂散光大小进行评价,并评估了杂散光在紫外辐射测量中引起的数值偏差。实验测量了不同的阵列式光谱辐射计采集窄带光源的结果,对阵列式光谱辐射计的带宽在辐射照度计算中的影响进行评估。实验结果表明:卤钨灯照射下部分阵列式光谱辐射计在紫外300nm处的杂散光比例高达30%以上,制约了紫外辐射测量的可靠性;氙灯照射下阵列式光谱辐射计在300nm的杂散光比例可以降至5%左右;阵列式光谱仪的带宽限制了其能够准确测量光源的最小测量半高宽,几种不同带宽的阵列式光谱辐射计在365nm的测量偏差高达4%。得到的结果表明:阵列式光谱辐射计的杂散光、带宽等光学特性对测量结果的准确性影响很大。     

Longitudinal mode magnetostrictive patch transducer array employing a multi-splitting meander coil for pipe inspection

Recently, a magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) by means of the highly magnetostrictive (such as nickel or iron–cobalt alloy) patch attached on the specimen has been applied in nondestructive ultrasonic testing in waveguides. In the study, we proposed a new MPTs array employing a multi-splitting meander coil (MSMC) for generating and receiving longitudinal guided waves in pipes. In the suggested configuration, the directions of the static magnetic field produced by the permanent magnets and the dynamic magnetic field produced by the MSMC are in the axial direction of the pipe. Two finite element models were established to simulate the distribution of the static and dynamic magnetic fields in the patch, respectively. The proposed MSMC was made of flexible printed circuit (FPC), so it could be easily installed on pipe surface. The performance of the proposed MPTs array was experimentally studied. Firstly, it was experimentally verified that the axisymmetric longitudinal guided wave mode, L(0,2), could be effectively generated and received in pipes with the developed MSMC-MPTs array. Secondly, the frequency response characteristics of the developed MSMC-MPTs array were related to D (the distance between adjacent belts of the MSMC). Thirdly, we demonstrated the ability of the developed MSMC-MPTs array for the identification and location of a crack defect in pipes. Finally, we compared the performances of the MSMC-MPTs array and conventional meander coil-MPTs and proved that the signals of the longitudinal guided wave mode could be enhanced by using the developed MSMC-MPTs array.     

Accumulation and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cells and Experimental Animals

The uptake and distribution of negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (SPIONs) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH3T3, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal influenced by SPIONs injected into experimental animals, were visualized and investigated. Cellular uptake and distribution of the SPIONs in NIH3T3 after staining with Prussian Blue were investigated by a bright-field microscope equipped with digital color camera. SPIONs were localized in vesicles, mostly placed near the nucleus. Toxicity of SPION nanoparticles tested with cell viability assay (XTT) was estimated. The viability of NIH3T3 cells remains approximately 95% within 3–24 h of incubation, and only a slight decrease of viability was observed after 48 h of incubation. MRI studies on Wistar rats using a clinical 1.5 T MRI scanner were showing that SPIONs give a negative contrast in the MRI. The dynamic MRI measurements of the SPION clearance from the injection site shows that SPIONs slowly disappear from injection sites and only a low concentration of nanoparticles was completely eliminated within three weeks. No functionalized SPIONs accumulate in cells by endocytic mechanism, none accumulate in the nucleus, and none are toxic at a desirable concentration. Therefore, they could be used as a dual imaging agent: as contrast agents for MRI and for traditional optical biopsy by using Prussian Blue staining.     

永磁同步电机优化模型预测双转矩控制

针对永磁同步电机模型预测转矩控制计算量大、权重系数难以确定和转矩脉动大的问题,提出优化模型预测双转矩控制方法。该方法用有功转矩和无功转矩双转矩代替磁链和转矩的代价函数,从而简化系统结构。构建具有预测-校正功能的补偿函数,对补偿函数进行校正,降低延时问题产生的影响。在此基础上,加入扇区判断环节,将待选电压从8个减为3个,大大减少计算量。仿真结果表明:优化模型预测双转矩控制方法转矩脉动更低、计算量更小、动态响应更快。     

TGO厚度和界面形貌对新型涂层双管系统应力分布的影响

以700℃新型涂层双管系统为研究对象,采用有限元顺次耦合的计算方法,开展了热机载荷作用下TGO厚度和界面形貌对系统应力分布的影响研究。结果表明:TGO的厚度与其界面粗糙度均会对系统的Mises应力分布产生影响,但是与TGO厚度相比,粗糙度对TGO/BC界面靠近波峰处的Mises应力影响更加显著。此外,在TGO界面幅值和波长一定的条件下,不同的界面波形排列不会直接影响系统TGO/BC界面波峰处的Mises峰值应力;由于幅值和波长变化有效地改变了TGO界面的曲率,它们是控制涂层双管系统TGO/BC界面应力分布的关键特征参量。     

基于点阵式测量的混凝土箱梁水化热温度场原位试验

在混凝土箱梁模型上布设479个温度测点,对箱梁在水化热期间的温度变化规律进行精密测量。通过德洛内三角网格算法,建立用于混凝土箱梁温度测量的温度传感器点阵,绘制箱梁全截面在水化热期间的温度场云图,进而分析混凝土箱梁的水化热温度发展规律。研究结果表明：箱梁的水化热温度场基本呈对称分布,其中腹板水化热温度变化最大,最高温度为64.8℃,顶板、底板与腹板的最大平均温升比值约为1∶1.1∶1.4;底板水化热温度最先达到峰值,为混凝土浇筑后11h;腹板的平均温度峰值出现在浇筑后12h;顶板温度峰值相对滞后,为混凝土浇筑后13h;箱梁各板沿厚度方向的水化热温度服从高斯分布形式;顶板、底板沿宽度方向水化热温度呈双峰对称分布,服从二项组合式的高斯分布模型,而腹板的水化热温度沿板高可认为常量。此外,文中给出了箱梁模型关键位置在水化热期间的温度数据,可用于指导混凝土箱梁水化热温度试验的测点布置,并且为箱梁的水化热温度控制和设计提供参考。     

飞秒激光加工单晶金刚石制备正前角磨削工具

目的制造一种磨粒有序排布、具有正前角的无结合剂端面金刚石磨削工具。方法采用波长为1030 nm、脉宽为250 fs的钛蓝宝石飞秒激光对单晶金刚石(SCD)进行烧蚀加工,首先研究加工工艺参数(特别是烧蚀轨迹间距)对金刚石加工效率及表面质量的影响。采用预先设计的激光扫描路径,基于优化后的工艺参数在SCD表面加工出微磨粒阵列结构,各磨粒呈方锥台形结构,其顶部倾斜角约为100°。在此基础上,对微磨粒阵列进行烧蚀加工,将所有微磨粒顶部的倾斜角减小至小于90°。结果当激光烧蚀轨迹间距为10.0μm时,烧蚀加工表面RMS粗糙度最小。确定了一种微磨粒边缘倾斜角小于90°且磨粒有序排布的新型无结合剂金刚石端面磨削工具的激光制备方法和工艺,采用该工艺加工的磨削工具表面质量好,轮廓精度高,磨粒平均正前角约为9.80°。结论采用飞秒激光可以高质量、高效率地制备出磨粒有序排布的新型正前角无结合剂金刚石端面磨削工具,该工具有望在硬脆材料磨削中减小磨削力,提高材料表面完整性。