需求侧能量共享:概念、机制与展望

分布式可再生能源的蓬勃发展为建设清洁高效智能电网提供了新途径,但同时也导致了需求侧用户行为更随机、能量管理更困难、设备利用更低效等问题。为应对这些新挑战,充分调动需求侧灵活性,能量共享作为一种分布式运营新范式应运而生。文中给出了需求侧能量共享的概念,分析了其在平抑不确定性、提升运行经济性和提高设备利用效率等方面的潜力,并对能量共享机制的设计要点及基本要求进行了详细阐述。在此基础上,从合作博弈与非合作博弈2个角度将国内外能量共享机制设计相关研究归纳为5类,总结了当前的研究进展与亟待解决的问题。最后,从需求侧能量共享市场内部设计与外部衔接2个方面,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Group identification as a mediator of the effect of players’ anonymity on cheating in online games

This study aims to add to the discussion about the applicability of the classical deindividuation theory and social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) in explaining online behaviours. It explores the effect of anonymity in facilitating social influence of group identity in online game cheating. A nationally representative survey was conducted face to face. Results from the survey administered in Singapore confirm predictions derived from the SIDE and challenge the classical deindividuation theory. Specifically, it was concluded that the frequency of gaming with online strangers (anonymous gaming) significantly predicted the frequency of cheating in online games. The effect of anonymity on game cheating was found to be significantly mediated by the group identification with online gaming communities/groups. Gender differences were found. Male gamers cheated more frequently than female gamers. Female gamers are more likely to cheat as a consequence of group identification than male gamers. Implications and future research are discussed.     

一种改进的网络安全态势量化评估方法

在基于隐马尔可夫模型的网络安全态势评估中,观测序列的获取和状态转移矩阵的确立是影响评估准确性的关键.目前观测序列多以随机方式获取,不能有效表征网络的安全性;而状态转移矩阵往往依据经验给出,具有很强的主观性.该文提出改进方法:首先,基于警报的统计特性提出警报质量的概念,依据警报质量获取的观测序列,可改进数据源的有效性;其次,基于安全事件和防护措施的博弈过程,提出确定状态转移矩阵的方法,并结合攻击成功的概率对其进行修正,提高状态转移矩阵的有效性.对比实验证明,基于改进算法生成的风险值对网络安全态势的量化更加合理.     

Construction of living cellular automata using the Physarum plasmodium

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a unicellular and multinuclear giant amoeba that has an amorphous cell body. To clearly observe how the plasmodium makes decisions in its motile and exploratory behaviours, we developed a new experimental system to pseudo-discretize the motility of the organism. In our experimental space that has agar surfaces arranged in a two-dimensional lattice, the continuous and omnidirectional movement of the plasmodium was limited to the stepwise one, and the direction of the locomotion was also limited to four neighbours. In such an experimental system, a cellular automata-like system was constructed using the living cell. We further analysed the exploratory behaviours of the plasmodium by duplicating the experimental results in the simulation models of cellular automata. As a result, it was revealed that the behaviours of the plasmodium are not reproduced by only local state transition rules; and for the reproduction, a kind of historical rule setting is needed.     

Two‐echelon manufacturer–retailer supply chain strategies with price,quality, and promotional effort sensitive demand

This study deals with the two‐layer supply chain model of one manufacturer and one retailer for a single commodity where market demand is assumed to be dependent on selling price, quality of the products, and promotional effort of the retailer. We investigate the behavior of the supply chain under centralized, manufacturer Stackelberg, conditional manufacturer Stackelberg, retailer Stackelberg, conditional retailer Stackelberg, and vertical Nash model structure. The nature of the above models provides great insights to a firm's manager for achieving optimal strategy in a competitive marketing system. Quite often, not all items produced in a firm are of perfect quality; some are perfect (conforming) quality and others are imperfect (nonconforming) quality. The nonconforming products are sold in a secondary shop or by other retailers. The procurement cost of finished products depends on the quality of the products due to more investment in advanced technology, better raw materials, and skilled labor, etc. The warranty policy for the products is also imposed to attract the customers to buy more. Here, both members (manufacturer and retailer) jointly share the cost of the warranty policy. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal selling price and promotional effort of the retailer, while the optimal wholesale price and quality of the products are determined by the manufacturer so that the above strategies are maximized. Finally, numerical examples with sensitivity analysis of the key parameters are illustrated to investigate the proposed model.     

多社区网络上的命名博弈

为了模仿人类对新物体认知和命名的过程,提出了一种新型的命名博弈模型,它通过词汇的权重表示个体的认知程度,低权重词汇被删除模拟个体有限记忆的过程.实验发现,在单社区网络上,所有个体的词汇最终能够统一,通过总词汇数、不同词汇数和平均协议成功率的分析解释了新个体命名的演化过程.衰减因子和删除阈值的取值对于演化速度影响较大,当它们之间存在线性关系时演化收敛较快.通过将该模型应用到多社区网络模型上,发现收敛词汇数可能不唯一,会与社区数相同,且收敛词汇数的稳定性与网络社区化强度和社区内节点的平均度有关,而与社区内节点数无关.最后,使用微分动力学的方法对这种情况进行了定量分析.     

基于VCG机制的动态频谱分配算法

针对在Underlay频谱共享方式下的认知无线网络动态频谱分配问题,在满足主用户服务质量（QoS）的前提下,建立一种非合作博弈模型,并设计其效用函数。在借鉴VCG机制的基础上,设计相应的收益函数,提出一种可以最大化认知无线网络系统吞吐量且保证公平性的分布式动态频谱分配算法。仿真结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、公平性强。     

基于博弈论的无线传感器网络保密容量优化研究

由于无线传感器网络传输数据时的广播性,很容易受到窃听。从信息论的角度,保证节点信道的保密容量,即可实现数据的安全传输。而在无线传感器网络中,节点与节点之间会产生相互干扰,从而影响信道各自的保密容量。使用非合作博弈求解无线传感器网络在节点发射功率受限、节点之间存在互相干扰的情况下选取各自的功率,达到纳什均衡,以获取最佳的收益。仿真结果表明,节点选取纳什均衡时的功率,可获得较好的保密容量,同时提高节点的可持续性。     

基于博弈论的机会网络激励机制的研究

机会网络是一种新型的网络,具有频繁的网络断开、高误码率、随机的拓扑变化等特点,该网络中的消息传播是依靠节点间的合作来完成存储—携带—转发的模式.由于能量、缓存以及处理能力的限制,一些节点表现出自私(拒绝帮助其他节点转发消息),甚至恶意(高报价)的特性,所以会给网络性能带来巨大的损失(低交付率、长延迟等).为了解决上面的问题,现存的基于虚拟货币的激励机制,如Credit,它依靠一个固定的中心来管理源节点向为它转发消息的中继节点支付虚拟货币的交易.但这个固定的管理中心在缺乏基础设施的机会网络中是很难实现的,所以提出一种新的基于博弈论的激励机制——GIS(game-based incentive strategy).该机制主要利用三次讨价还价博弈让交易双方在缺乏第三方管理的情况下仍然以合理的价格进行交易,它除了能够刺激自私节点的合作之外,最大的优势就是抑制恶意中继的虚假报价.大量实验表明,GIS能够很好地优化网络交付率和平均延迟,使得网络的有效性和公平性得到保证.     

一种博弈竞争选择的异构无线网络最优接入策略

为了提高异构无线网络的信息传输速率和网络利用率,减少网络的系统开销,提出一种博弈竞争选择的异构无线网络最优接入策略算法,该算法在考虑了实际带宽的情况下引入了代价因子,并得到最大化的网络信息传输速率.在接入网络的选择上,通过采用基于博弈模型和最优接入策略的博弈模型,通过多项服务质量指标来计算综合竞争值,从而通过竞争值大小来选择最优的接入网络.实验仿真及数据结果表明,相比另外两种异构接入网络的选择算法,该算法具有带宽资源利用率和网络信息传输速率更高的优势.