甜菜碱在肉鸡体内供甲基代谢及其节约蛋氨酸效应机制

选用 4 5 0羽 2 2日龄艾维茵肉鸡 ,按饲养试验要求分成 3组 (每组 3个重复 ) ,分别设为不添加蛋氨酸的对照组和添加 10 0 0mg/kg蛋氨酸的对照组 ,另一组则为添加 5 0 0mg/kg甜菜碱的试验组 ,进行了为期 2 1d的饲养试验。结果表明 :与不添加蛋氨酸组比 ,添加甜菜碱显著提高了肉鸡的日增重 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,降低了料重比(P <0 .0 5 ) ,达到了添加蛋氨酸的效果 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;添加甜菜碱导致了试验鸡肝脏甜菜碱 -高半胱氨酸S -甲基转移酶 (BHMT)活性升高 ,BHMT活性比不添加蛋氨酸组和添加蛋氨酸组均显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;与不添加蛋氨酸组比 ,添加甜菜碱还使肝脏甲基化反应产物 (游离肉碱和肌酸 )的生成量明显增多 (P <0 .0 1)和胸肌中两者的存储量显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,但与添加蛋氨酸组比无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。上述结果提示 :甜菜碱在肝脏BHMT调控下 ,替代蛋氨酸为机体甲基化产物的合成提供甲基 ,从而产生节约蛋氨酸的效应。     

The development of heat-resistant and salt-tolerant foam with betaine surfactants

A modified instrument was designed to evaluate foam properties under high temperature and pressure. The type and molar ratio of betaine surfactants were screened to develop the heat-resistant and salt-tolerant foam for Tahe oilfield (130°C, 220 g/L), and the effects of temperature and pressure on foam properties were also investigated. The synergism between surfactants and the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanism of foam flooding in fractured-vuggy reservoirs were studied. Experimental results showed the developed foam had excellent foaming ability and foam stability when the lauramidopropyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine (LHSB): erucic amide propyl betaine (EAB) molar ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:2 (initial foam volume was 392 ml when the molar ratio was 1:1, drainage half-time was 5.75 min and foam half-time was 72 min when the molar ratio was 1:2 at 130°C and 2 MPa). The synergistic effect was found to reach its maximum when the LHSB:EAB molar ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:2 according to interaction parameters, which agreed with the results of foam properties. Foam stability was found to considerably increase with increasing pressure, but decrease with increasing temperature. However, temperature and pressure were found to have consistent effects on foaming ability, that is, the foaming ability increased with increasing temperature and pressure. The flooding test showed foam flooding exhibited better sweep efficiency and higher recovery ratio in the fractured-vuggy model than gas flooding and water flooding. This could be because injected foam did not channel through the top (or bottom) path due to its high viscosity and moderate density.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定枸杞中甜菜碱

建立固相萃取液相色谱法净化和测定枸杞中甜菜碱的分析方法。方法采用混合型阳离子交换小柱(WatersOasis MCX)净化枸杞样品提取液,使用Atlantis HILIC 色谱柱,以乙腈- 水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在195nm 波长处检测。结果表明,线性范围为0.2～5.0mg/mL,方法检出限为0.0066mg/mL,平均回收率为88.3%～104%。本方法能简便、快速、准确地检测枸杞中甜菜碱。     

甘氨酸甜菜碱对植物乳杆菌YSQ18的渗透压胁迫耐受性的影响

从传统泡菜中分离出一株耐盐的酸菌,对其进行形态学、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定,确定其种属地位;并初步研究相容性溶质甘氨酸甜菜碱在高渗透压环境下对所筛菌株的生长曲线和发酵糖耗速率的影响。结果表明:筛选出的乳酸菌中有一株符合乳杆菌属植物乳杆菌的鉴别特征,与16S rRNA序列鉴定和发育树分析结果一致。在含有1.2mol/L NaCl和1.5mol/L NaCl的化学合成培养基中,该植物乳杆菌的生长受到完全的抑制。在培养基中添加0.80mmol/L的甘氨酸甜菜碱对植物乳杆菌有较明显的保护作用,能减弱高渗胁迫,有效缩短迟滞期,提高耐盐能力。发酵中糖耗速率测定结果表明添加0.80mmol/L的甘氨酸甜菜碱能有效保持细菌活性。因此,在高渗环境发酵过程添加甘氨酸甜菜碱也许能有效提高微生物的活性,如传统的酿制酱油以及腌制泡菜等。     

基于高效液相色谱法测定水产品中甘氨酸甜菜碱

应用高效液相色谱技术,建立水产品中甘氨酸甜菜碱定量检测方法。针对甘氨酸甜菜碱极性特点,选用BEH HILIC色谱柱,以乙腈:水为80:20构成优化的流动相,等度洗脱,紫外法于195 nm波长处检测甘氨酸甜菜碱特征峰。结果表明在15~200 μg/mL浓度范围内,检测目标物浓度与特征峰面积呈良好线性关系(R²=0.9999),方法检出限为5.12 μg/mL,定量限为12.00 μg/mL,平均回收率在96.5%~97.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~2.2%。三类水产品实样测定,梭子蟹、对虾、花蛤所含甘氨酸甜菜碱分别为0.435、1.685和4.384 mg/g,相对标准偏差分别为0.5%、0.5%及1.8%。本方法简单快速、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于水产品中甘氨酸甜菜碱定量检测。     

Role of choline and glycine betaine in the formation of N,N-dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat) under Maillard reaction conditions

This study is the first to examine the role of choline and glycine betaine, naturally present in some foods, in particular in cereal grains, to generate N,N-dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat) under Maillard conditions via transmethylation reactions involving the nucleophile piperidine. The formation of mepiquat and its intermediates piperidine – formed by cyclisation of free lysine in the presence of reducing sugars – and N-methylpiperidine were monitored over time (240°C, up to 180 min) using high-resolution mass spectrometry in a model system comprised of a ternary mixture of lysine/fructose/alkylating agent (choline or betaine). The reaction yield was compared with data recently determined for trigonelline, a known methylation agent present naturally in coffee beans. The role of choline and glycine betaine in nucleophilic displacement reactions was further supported by experiments carried out with stable isotope-labelled precursors (¹³C- and deuterium-labelled). The results unequivocally demonstrated that the piperidine ring of mepiquat originates from the carbon chain of lysine, and that either choline or glycine betaine furnishes the N-methyl groups. The kinetics of formation of the corresponding demethylated products of both choline and glycine betaine, N,N-demethyl-2-aminoethanol and N,N-dimethylglycine, respectively, were also determined using high-resolution mass spectrometry.     

Effect of long-term betaine supplementation on chemical and physical characteristics of three muscles from the Alentejano pig

BACKGROUND: The use of betaine as a dietary supplement to reduce fat deposition and increase lean muscle mass in pigs is increasing. However, there is no available information on its effect on the physical and chemical (i.e. fatty acid (FA) profile) characteristics of pork. RESULTS: The effects of long‐term betaine intake (1 g betaine kg^?1 diet for 20 weeks) on the chemical and physical characteristics of Musculus longissimus dorsi, M. biceps femoris and M. semimembranosus from the Alentejano pig were investigated. The contents of total protein, intramuscular lipids (neutral and polar), myoglobin and total collagen as well as the water‐holding capacity, physical colour characteristics and FA profile of the three muscles were determined. With the exception of a significant increase in the intramuscular lipid content of M. longissimus dorsi and M. biceps femoris, betaine supplementation did not influence muscle chemical and colour characteristics or body fat deposition. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that long‐term betaine supplementation selectively increases intramuscular lipid deposition (a trait related to meat quality) while not affecting other chemical (including the atheroprotective FA profile) and physical characteristics of the Alentejano pig muscles studied. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of betaine on in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate and protein combinations under osmotic stress in pigs

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that dietary betaine might improve nutrient digestibilities in pigs due to its osmoprotective properties. This in vitro study was performed to assess the potential of supplemented betaine sources to affect fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate and protein combinations, under conditions of osmotic stress. In vitro fermentation was performed by use of the modified Hohenheim gas test with pig faeces as microbial inoculum. RESULTS: At the end of in vitro fermentation under osmotic stress conditions, differences (P < 0.05) in gas production, ammonia concentration, and concentration of short‐chain fatty acids were observed for the different carbohydrates, while for the two proteins only differences (P < 0.05) in ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration were obtained. Supplementation of a native betaine source rather than addition of pure betaine increased propionic acid (P < 0.05) and butyric acid (P < 0.05) production. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that only supplementation of a native betaine source but not of pure betaine products affects microbial fermentation under osmotic stress. Furthermore, both the carbohydrate and protein source play an important role in modifying microbial activity under osmotic stress conditions. It can also be concluded that the modified Hohenheim gas test is suitable to scrutinise fermentation activity of different assay substrates under osmotic stress. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

非抑制离子色谱法检测甜菜碱的含量

建立了甜菜碱含量的非抑制离子色谱分析方法,优化了色谱分离条件。采用5mmol/L甲磺酸水溶液作为淋洗液,Dionex Ionpac CS17(4×250mm)+CG17(4×50mm)阳离子交换柱等度分离,柱温30℃,电导检测器检测。在优化实验条件下,甜菜碱的线性范围为5～300mg/L,相关系数为0.999 98,回收率在95%～101%之间,相对标准偏差小于2%,检出限为0.13mg/L。该法操作方便,简单快速,精密度高,重复性好,适用于常见甜菜碱产品含量的检测。