微圆管内R1234ze(E)流动沸腾的环状流特性模拟研究

本文建立了制冷剂R1234ze(E)在微圆管内流动沸腾过程中的环状流模型,对传热和气液两相流动压降进行了模拟研究。综合考虑重力、表面张力及气液界面剪切力的影响,模拟分析了周向液膜不均匀分布特性及该特性对流动与换热的影响,经验证,计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好,此外还研究了不同因素对环状流区域表面传热系数与压降的影响。模拟结果表明：在流动起始区域,截面液膜厚度的分布受重力作用影响,随着流动沸腾过程的进行,该影响作用开始减弱,且有重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数高于无重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数,随着重力加速度的增加,环状流的平均表面传热系数不断增大;随着质量流速的增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之增大;随着管径增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之减小。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统低温制热性能及优化

热泵空调系统在满足电动汽车冬季供暖需求方面发挥了重要作用。本文采用新型低GWP值的R1234yf为制冷剂?对电动汽车热泵空调系统在－20~7 ℃环境下的低温制热性能进行了测试?对电动汽车冬季热负荷进行标定,并且与制冷剂R134a进行了对比,研究了系统制冷剂充注量、制热量、COP和排气温度的变化,同时对系统各部件火用损失进行了分析计算并根据结果 确定系统优化方向。结果表明:该系统最佳制冷剂充注量为1406g,制热量与COP在大部分工况下达到2kW与18以上,能够满足低温制热需求;R1234yf 直接替代R134a时,系统制热量与COP比R134a系统低71％与66％,系统的排气温度比R134a平均低53 ℃,系统工作更稳定可靠;热泵空调系统内冷凝器与压缩机的火用损失占系统总火用损的80％以上,是重点优化方向;增大内部冷凝器换热面积、增大风量、提高压缩机转速可显著提升R1234yf系统制热性能,使之与R134a系统的制热性能相比大约相等或者更高。     

HCFCs制冷剂替代物的发展及环境保护

首先介绍了制冷剂面临的问题,指出目前制冷空调领域使用量最多的HCFCs制冷剂正处于淘汰阶段,然后介绍了HCFCs制冷剂替代物的发展现状,其中着重介绍了R1234yf、R32等新型制冷剂.最后对环境保护提出几点建议.     

Measurements of PρT properties,vapor pressures,saturated densities,and critical parameters for R 1234ze(Z) and R 245fa

Pressure-density-temperature (PρT) properties, vapor pressures, and saturated liquid and vapor densities for refrigerants R 1234ze(Z) (cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene; CF₃CHCHF) and R 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; C₃H₃F₅) were measured with two types of isochoric methods. Pressure was measured with a digital quartz pressure transducer. Temperature was measured with 25 Ω standard platinum resistance thermometer on the ITS-90 temperature scale. Density was calculated from the mass of sample and the inner volume of pressure vessel. By using the present vapor pressure data, new vapor pressure correlations for R 1234ze(Z) and R 245fa have been formulated. In addition, the critical temperature T_c, critical density ρ_c, and critical pressure P_c were directly determined on the basis of direct observation of the meniscus disappearance.     

Measurement of vapor viscosity of R1234yf and its binary mixtures with R32, R125

The vapor viscosities of the new refrigerant R1234yf and its binary mixtures, R32+R1234yf, R125+R1234yf, were measured at atmospheric pressure with a falling-ball-type viscometer. The combined expanded uncertainty of the measurement apparatus was less than 1.5%. The binary mixtures consisted of 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, and 50.0 wt% R32 for R32+R1234yf and of 20.0, 35.0, 50.0, and 70.0 wt% R125 for R125+R1234yf. The viscosities of R1234yf were correlated with the Chapman–Enskog gas kinetic theory and those of binary mixtures were correlated with the Wilke mixture rule. The average absolute deviation (AAD) is 0.189% for R32+R1234yf and 1.169% for R125+R1234yf. The deviations of experimental viscosities of the binary mixtures from data calculated using RefProp v9.1 were also obtained. The AAD is 0.555% for R32+R1234yf and 1.479% for R125+R1234yf.     

制冷剂R1234ze在高温热泵中应用的对比研究

对比了R1234ze、R134a、R124、R142b等工质的热物理性质,分析了几种工质在高温热泵应用中相同工况下的压比、COP、压缩机排气量、排气温度等性能参数,论述了R1234ze用作高温热泵工质的可行性及R1234ze高温热泵机组的特性。结果表明R1234ze在高温热泵75⁹5℃工作区间内,具有系统制热COP高、压比适中、压缩机排气温度低等特点。同时,其良好的热物性、较低的GWP值决定了其可以应用于高温热泵中。     

R1234yf瞬态喷雾冷却及过热度影响的实验研究

制冷剂瞬态喷雾冷却是临床激光治疗的重要辅助手段。当前临床应用及实验研究均采用R134a或R404A进行喷雾冷却,但这两种制冷剂具有极高的温室效应潜能（GWP）值,对环境产生严重威胁。以热物性与R134a相似、而GWP值仅为4的R1234yf作为喷雾冷却的替代制冷剂,对其临床应用进行了探索性研究。表面传热的研究结果显示R1234f的冷却能力略低于R134a与R404A。通过降低制冷剂过热度的方式,可以有效提高喷雾集中程度,在保证闪蒸雾化的前提下显著提高表面热通量,提高R1234yf喷雾临床应用的可行性。     

R-1234yf在[HMIM][Tf2N]中的溶解度

基于等体积饱和法测量了温度在293.0~353.0K、压力在99.0~925.0kPa时R1234yf在离子液体1-己基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐([HMIM][Tf_2N])中的溶解度,温度、压力、溶解度的测量不确定度分别为0.02K、0.3kPa、3%。利用改进的Krichevsky-Kasarnovsky方程和NRTL方程对R1234yf在[HMIM][Tf_2N]中的溶解度进行了关联,计算值与实验值之间的相对偏差绝对平均值均为0.7%,最大相对偏差均小于1.9%。     

不同温度下环保型HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2混合气体分解机理

由于SF6气体的温室效应,以C4F7N、C5F10O、C6F12O和HFO-1234ze(E)等气体为代表的新型环保替代气体得到了广泛的关注,但对于这些气体分子在局部过热或放电状态下导致设备内部温度升高时的分解机理还缺乏研究,为了进一步探究新型环保气体替代SF6气体的可行性。本文以HFO-1234ze(E)分子为例,基于ReaxFF反应分子动力学方法和密度泛函理论,从微观层面模拟研究了HFO-1234ze(E)分子和不同温度下20%HFO-1234ze(E)/80%CO2混合气体的分解现象。结果发现：HFO-1234ze(E)分子存在着7种不同的分解路径,且CO2中的C=O会最先分解,而HFO-1234ze(E)中的C-F键和C=C双键焓值较高,断裂较为困难,随着温度的升高,发生分解的时间也越早;当温度低于2000K时,HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2混合气体几乎都不会发生分解,但当温度为2000K时,HFO-1234ze(E)分子不会发生分解,但CO2分子会迅速发生分解,2600K以上时,温度每上升2000K,HFO-1234ze(E)就会多分解5个左右,CO2就会多分解35个左右,直到最后基本完全分解。混合气体主要分解产生CO、O2、C2O2、HF、CF4、C2F6、C3F6和C3H3F3等各类自由基,其中CO为有毒气体、HF为强腐蚀性气体,应采取措施对其含量进行监测,其他分解产物的化学性质均较为稳定且对环境无害,并仍然具有一定的绝缘能力,表明20%HFO-1234ze(E)和80%CO2混合气体在一定程度上可以完全替代SF6气体,这也为进一步研究其他新型环保混合气体提供了理论依据和工程指导。     

Performance evaluation of ecofriendly R1234ze(E) refrigerant in an automotive air conditioning system

A mathematical model for an air conditioning system used in five-seater cars is developed with R1234ze(E) and R134a refrigerants, consisting of real system geometry like an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and thermostatic expansion valve. The mathematical model includes refrigerant properties, heat transfer, and pressure loss correlations for two-phase and single-phase regions. The performance parameters of a system like evaporator cooling duty, condenser heat loss, compressor power, refrigerant flow rate, and compressor volumetric efficiency obtained from a mathematical model are validated with the results of an experimental facility developed with R134a. The uncertainty analysis performed for the testing facility showed below 11% deviation. The simulation and experimental results showed an overall 10%–15% difference. It is found that the experimental cooling capacity with R134a and numerical cooling capacity with R134a show a 4%–12% variation, experimental cooling capacity with R134a and numerical cooling capacity with R1234ze(E) show a 7%–20% variation, and numerical cooling capacity with R134a and numerical cooling capacity with R1234ze(E) show a 5%–15% variation for the given range of compressor speed (500–1500 rpm), and condensing temperature (26–45°C). The study concluded that R1234ze(E) could potentially replace R134a because it has similar thermophysical properties and an average performance difference of up to 10% with R134a. Due to the limitations of the electric motor used to drive the compressor, tests in the current study were conducted at modest compressor speeds (500–1500 rpm). Future research will focus on experiments with high compressor speed (in the range of 1500–4000 rpm) and R1234yf and R1234ze(E) refrigerants for performance evaluation of automobile air conditioning systems.