Modeling Microwave Vacuum Drying Kinetics and Moisture Diffusivity of Carrot Slices

Carrot slices of 3.5 mm thickness were dried in a laboratory microwave vacuum dryer at five different microwave power density levels of 2, 4.66, 7.33, 10, and 12.66 W/g and at three vacuum chamber pressure levels of 6.66, 19.98, and 33.3 kPa to 4-6% d.b. moisture content. Inside the dryer the sample holding plate was rotated with the speed of 4 rpm for uniform microwaves application. The drying rates were increased with the increase in microwave power density at all pressure levels and the Page model was found to be the most suitable model to predict the drying behavior of carrot slices at all process conditions. The Page model drying rate constant (k, min^-1) showed high correlation with microwave power density at constant pressure by a power law equation and showed a logarithmic relationship with the microwave power density and pressure. Similar to the drying rate constant, the average moisture diffusivity at constant pressure was found to be function of microwave power density by power law equation as well as was also dependent on the power density and pressure by a logarithmic relationship.     

A sensitivity analysis of the linear complementarity programming model: Appalachian steam coal and the natural gas market

There have been extensive attempts in recent years to perform spatial equilibrium analysis of commodity markets, particularly that of energy. Most of these attempts have been based on linear programming transportation models, and more recently quadratic programming models. Unfortunately, neither of these modelling approaches can deal with the case of multi-commodity analysis with non-symmetric regression coefficients. In this paper, we overcome this problem by employing the linear complementarity programming model. In addition, we show how the model can be applied to coal and gas energy flows within a single region. Future potential applications of the model are also implied.     

水资源短缺风险经济损失评估研究

为了更准确地评估水资源短缺的经济损失,本文利用水资源投入产出宏观经济模型,对水资源的影子价格进行分析计算,在此基础上得到水资源短缺的经济损失及其概率。同时,对包括北京和天津在内的首都经济圈2010规划水平年的水资源短缺经济损失及其概率分布进行了计算。结果表明,在二次水资源供需平衡下,2010年北京市水资源短缺所造成的期望损失值为23.84亿元,天津市为20.07亿元。     

大U形混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀破坏的力学模型探讨

通过对U形混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀破坏机理的分析,提出了U形混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀破坏的力学模型,并解出了渠坡直线段和圆弧段控制内力及最大拉应力,结合混凝土板抗裂条件给出了冻胀力、胀裂部位、冻胀抗裂衬砌板厚度及抗冻胀破坏验算的一系列计算方法.     

两步法合成2-氨基-5-硝基苯酚

以邻氨基苯酚和尿素为原料,将传统环合-硝化-水解三步法工艺改为环合硝化-水解两步法合成了2-氨基-5-硝基苯酚(ANP);研究了影响环合硝化反应和水解反应的因素;优化了反应条件。环合硝化反应的最优条件为:n(邻氨基苯酚)∶n(尿素)=1.00∶1.20、环合时间6h、硝酸用量40.2g、硫酸用量20g、硝化时间3h、硝化温度70℃,在此条件下中间产物6-硝基苯并噁唑酮的收率为90.2%;水解反应的最优条件为:体积分数95%的乙醇为溶剂、n(6-硝基苯并噁唑酮)∶n(氢氧化钠)=1.0∶3.3、水解温度80℃、水解时间15h,在此条件下ANP收率为81.2%。两步反应ANP的总收率为73.2%。对产品进行了元素分析和红外光谱表征,确认终产物为ANP。该方法成本低,ANP总收率高,溶剂可回收,三废量少。     

航天产品多源可靠性信息的收集与整理--建立可靠性信息数据库

航天产品可靠性信息的来源多样，可靠性信息的时间性、随机性、有价性、时效性和可追溯性等特征，决定了可靠性数据收集应满足真实性、连续性、完整性等基本要求。同时，对多源信息的收集应遵循先进行需求分析，再确定数据收集点并制定数据收集表格的程度进行。给出了信息的适用性准则和信息分类的三维模型。最后结合具体型号航天产品的可靠性工作的要求，给出了可靠性信息数据库系统的整体方案设计。     

一种高效可控恒流源

提出了一个设计高效可控恒流源方案.首先分析了影响其效率的各种因素,提出了提高效率的途径和方法.其次又给出应用微机实现双回路的测控方法及数学模型,该方案已成功的应用于某些专用设备中.     

基于随机骨料数学模型的混凝土弹性模量预测

按照混凝土试件的实际配比计算出各粒径区间的骨料体积含量,对骨料颗粒进行随机投放,生成随机骨料的数值模型。对不同形状骨料的随机骨料模型建立的体积表征单元(RVE)施加均匀位移边界条件,通过有限元方法计算该RVE中的应力和应变场,然后由细观力学数值均匀化方法预测RVE的有效弹性模量。数值计算结果和试验值的对比表明,基于随机骨料模型的混凝土弹性模量的预测是有效的,骨料含量为40%和60%时预测值与试验值相近;由多边形骨料模型得到的弹性模量略高于圆形骨料,骨料的空间分布对于预测结果的影响甚微。假定材料的细观单元力学性质服从Weibull分布时,预测的有效弹性模量结果偏低,且随均质度的减小而减小。     

Heat loss and thermoelectric generator design

With the object of evaluating its importance to thermoelectric generator design, heat loss is introduced into the standard thermoelectric generator design theory. The theory for both the constant hot and cold junction temperatures model and the constant heat input model are so modified. The modification is first order and, therefore, is limited to small leg heat-transfer coefficients. Numerical results using representative properties show that significant differences can exist between the optimum geometry and performance of a generator idealized as lossless and those of a generator designed by the modified theory. The largest differences occur with the constant heat input model.     

Parallelism in ILU-preconditioned GMRES

A parallel implementation of the preconditioned GMRES method is described. The method is used to solve the discretized incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A parallel implementation of the inner product is given, which appears to be scalable on a massively parallel computer. The most difficult part to parallelize is the ILU-preconditioner. We parallelize the preconditioner using ideas proposed by Bastian and Horton (P. Bastian, G. Horton, SIAM. J. Stat. Comput. 12 (1991) 1457–1470). Contrary to some other parallel methods, the required number of iterations is independent of the number of processors used. A model is presented to predict the efficiency of the method. Experiments are done on the Cray T3D, computing the solution of a two-dimensional incompressible flow. Predictions of computing time show good correspondence with measurements.