Removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD from waste water using sand filtration system with Phragmites Australis

The removal efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD from waste water were examined using sand filtration systems with Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steudel. The quality of effluent waters from the system with plant were far better than those from the one without plant, implying Phragmites could incorporate nitrogen and phosphorus into its tissues and promote phosphorus absorption onto the sand by the release of oxygen from the roots. The P-pot provided with the influent containing 198 mg l^- of total nitrogen and 21 mg l^-1 of total phosphorus had the highest biomass of Phragmites. Harvestable above-ground biomass accounted for about 3.5 kg m^-2 and removable nitrogen and phosphorus accounted for 69 and 6 g m^-2 respectively.The removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus in the system with Phragmites receiving variable amounts of COD were almost at the same level and also much better than those of the systems without plant, implying that the different COD concentrations in the influent media do not impair the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus. Also Phragmites was found to resist COD concentration as high as 128 mg l^-1, and signs of clogging were not detected in this system throughout the experiment.     

云南黄磷工业发展前景的探讨

分析和讨论了云南黄磷工业的现状及发展前景。     

Inhibition of phosphine liberation from amorphous red phosphorus

An extensive study of the liberation of phosphine from commercial red phosphorus was undertaken. The influence of water, trace metals, magnesium, calcium and aluminium oxides and a selection of carbamates, phenols and quinones was investigated. Accelerated ageing tests at 50°C were used to assess the value of 1% (w/w) additions of p-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone in particular, as inhibitors to the generation of phosphine from commercial phosphorus and a pyrotechnic composition including spindle oil and poly(vinylbutyral). The two quinones suppress the liberation of phosphine to < 5% the rate of generation from commercial unoiled phosphorus. The mechanism of phosphine generation is obscure, but involves dissociation of water in the phosphorus surface region and the formation of phosphorus acids which may disproportionate yielding phosphine. Alternatively, or simultaneously, hydrogenation of phosphorus may take place liberating phosphine. The quinones presumably arrest these processes by preferentially combining with hydrogen or free-radical intermediates. The use of silver-nitrate-impregnated charcoal cloth and granules to remove gaseous phosphine was also studied.     

碳纳米管负载非晶态NiP合金的催化性能

以碳纳米管(CNTs)为载体,用诱导-化学还原法制备了负载型非晶态 NiP 合金(NiP/CNTs)催化剂,并在相同条件下制备了非负载型非晶态 NiP 合金催化剂。用透射电子显微镜、X 射线衍射、等离子体发射光谱、低温氮吸附、X 射线光电子能谱和氢-程序升温脱附方法对这两种催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示,NiP 合金和 NiP/CNTs 催化剂均具有非晶态结构;CNTs 的分散作用有效防止了 NiP 合金晶粒的团聚;NiP/CNTs 催化剂中的 CNTs 能将部分电子转移到 Ni 上,形成富电子 Ni;富电子 Ni 上形成的 Ni—H吸附键较弱。苯加氢实验结果表明,NiP/CNTs 催化剂的苯加氢活性较 NiP 合金催化剂低,但前者的比活性高,这与CNTs 载体的分散作用、CNTs 载体对 NiP 的给电子作用以及 CNTs 载体的贮氢性能有关。     

着力调整结构,充分发挥黄磷及磷化工的拳头产品优势──贵州黄磷工业发展现状,问题与对策

对贵州黄磷工业发展现状进行调研，指出发展中存在的问题，提出对策和建议。     

CaO－MgO_（sat）－FeO_n－SiO_2渣系与铁液间磷平衡分配比的极

按文献［１～４］，Ｌ＿ｐ与（ＦｅＯ＿ｎ）和Ｒ之间均有极值关系存在。本文得出从不同侧面反映的Ｌ＿ｐ极值关系式和曲线：（１）按ＣａＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２＝０～０．９，０．９１～１．９和＞１．９三个区段划分的，用１／Ｔ、ｌｇ｛（ＣａＯ）＋０．７（ｍｇＯ）｝、ｌｇ（ＴＦｅ）和ｌｇ（Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５）表述的一次多项式；（２）按ＣａＯ／ＳｉＯ＿２＝０～０．０９，０．１～０．９，０．９１～１．４，１．４１～１．９和＞１．９五个区段划分的，用１／Ｔ，（∑ＦｅＯ）、（∑ＦｅＯ）￣２和ｌｇ（１＋ＳｉＯ＿２）表述的非齐次多项式；（３）按∑ＦｅＯ＝１３％～１５％，１６％～２０％和３０％～３５％三个区段描述的Ｌ＿ｐ－Ｒ极值曲线。并发现Ｌ＿ｐ与（∑ＦｅＯ）和Ｒ之间的极值关系存在一定规律。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯酸磷酸酯合成新工艺研究

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚为起始原料，五氧化二磷为磷酰化剂，对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯合成工艺进行了实验研究。建立了以其反应产物为分散剂的合成工艺方法。首先使五氧化二磷均匀分散于前次反应产物之中，再与相应醇醚进行反应。新工艺可大大降低五氧化二磷的结块率，提高五氧化二磷的利用率，产物单酯含量提高，反应温和，产品颜色变浅，产品质量稳定。在最佳条件下单酯含量可达75％。同时对磷酰化反应及水解反应进行了实验研究，并采用计算机对所有实验数据进行回归处理，求得了相应的函数方程。     

Ammonia losses from surface-placed mixtures of urea-calcium-potassium salts in the presence of phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds frequently are mixed with urea containing materials for economy in fertilizer operations. There is little published information on NH₃ losses from surface application of these mixtures. However, there is evidence that P can react and precipitate with adsorbed and added Ca and increase the potential for NH₃ loss. This paper compares NH₃ losses from surface applied urea plus KCl or CaCl₂ in the presence of 5 common P sources. The N, with Ca, K, and P salts, was surface-applied to a calcareous (Harkey) and an acid soil (Cuthbert) in a laboratory and the NH₃ losses determined by passage of the exhaust air through a 2% boric acid solution. Ammonia losses were increased with (in the presence of KCl or CaCl₂) KH₂PO₄ (KP) (calcareous soil only) and K₂HPO₄ (K₂P), unaffected by Na₅P₃O₁₀ (PP) but decreased with Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ (CaP) and H₃PO₄ (HP) (No HP or PP applied to the acid soil). Urea which hydrolyses in environments with lower soluble and desorbable Ca levels is susceptible to higher NH₃ losses. The effectiveness of KCl for control of NH₃ loss depended on the existence of desorbable Ca to react with the decomposing urea. Therefore the deleterious impact of P on NH₃ loss was greater with KCl than with CaCl₂. Adding Ca directly with the urea made additional Ca available for reaction with P and urea. Monocalcium phosphate (CaP) alone with urea, in a calcareous soil, did not reduce NH₃ loss; however, NH₃ loss was reduced in the acid soil. The addition of CaCl₂ with urea + CaP reduced NH₃ loss more than CaCl₂ with urea. The HP reaction with CaCO₃ was more rapid and complete than occurred with the acidic CaP. Sodium tripolyphosphate (PP) with urea had little impact on NH₃ loss over that produced by the KCl or CaCl₂ salts alone. The HP and CaP chemicals did not appear to function strictly as acid sources (calcareous soil). The Harkey soil has 8% CaCO₃ which would appear adequate to neutralize any acidity introduced by the P fertilizers. The explanation may lie in double salt formation between the Ca-urea-P materials. Contribution from the Texas Agric. Expt. Sta., Texas A&M Univ. System, College Station, TX 77843, USA     

Seasonal Variation of Nutrient Limitation in Western Lake Erie

Monthly nutrient enrichment experiments were performed from April through October, 1983, to identify growth limiting nutrients of natural phytoplankton assemblages collected from a station in the Pigeon Bay waters off the north shore of Lake Erie's western basin. Data from these experiments suggest that silica was the major limiting nutrient in April, phosphorus was the major limiting nutrient in May-September, and trace metals were limiting in October. These results show that nutrient enrichment experiments should be performed often enough to account for seasonal changes in the physicochemical environment as well as seasonal succession in phytoplankton. The conclusion that phosphorus was the major limiting nutrient in summer is different from the conclusions of the late 1960s and early 1970s that nitrogen was the major limiting nutrient in the summer in the western basin and suggests a possible shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation. Pigeon Bay nutrient trend data show that summer nitrate:soluble reactive phosphorus ratios have increased from approximately 4 in the late 1960s to over 40 in the late 1970s and early 1980s, corroborating that a shift has probably occurred. This shift in nutrient limitation is probably due to reduced bioavailable phosphorus loadings and increased nitrate loadings to the western basin. The southern portion of the western basin is physicochemically different from the northern portion and may not have responded in the same manner.     

ELECTRODEPOSITION OF AMORPHOUS Ni-P ALLOY COATINGS

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