三段炭层吸附床联合脱除烟气污染物的实验研究

利用秸秆活性炭颗粒在三段炭层的吸附床反应器中进行了燃煤烟气脱硫、脱氮、脱汞的联合脱除实验研究。首先对实验所用炭（包括新炭和再生后炭）进行了活性炭品质分析,并讨论了烟气流经3段炭层吸附床时,脱硫脱氮段工作温度对脱硫、脱氮和脱汞效率的影响特性。实验结果表明,在所选三种工作温度中,90℃时脱硫层内以物理吸附为主,脱氮层吸附还原NOx的同时具有脱硫副反应,总脱硫效率可达98％,脱氮效率可达60％;经过冷却的烟气达到脱汞炭层时温度降到50℃,由氯化锌浸泡处理的炭层内同时发生催化氧化脱汞及汞的物理吸附,下层炭工作温度在130℃时,总脱汞效率达55％。该结果可指导干法烟气污染物的防治。     

酶水解小麦秸秆纤维素研究

对小麦秸秆纤维素的生物降解进行了探索。考察了酶的用量、底物浓度、pH值及其在线控制、反应时间诸因素对酶解反应的影响。实验结果表明最适宜反应条件为:酶/小麦秸秆=0 04、秸秆浓度为5%、反应时间3天、在线控制pH值4 8,在此条件下,酶解率可达60 4%。     

一株里氏木霉产纤维素酶的条件及酶系的优化

对一株里氏木霉突变株液体发酵产纤维素酶的培养条件进行了优化,确定培养基的最适碳源和氮源种类及添加量(g/L)分别为:小麦秸秆15,小麦麸皮5,尿素10～15,(NH4)2SO412,NH4NO35;最适培养条件为:接种种龄72h,接种孢子悬液浓度2×107个/mL,培养温度30～32℃,pH值5 0,培养时间144h,摇瓶转速180r/min,装液量75mL/250mL三角瓶.在培养里氏木霉的培养基中同时接种黑曲霉(二者孢子数比为60∶1)进行混合培养,β 葡萄糖苷酶的产量是对照试验的2 9倍,明显改善了纤维素酶系的比例,提高了它们之间的协同作用效果,在最适培养条件下,粗酶液的β 葡萄糖苷糖活和FPA酶活分别达到127 6U/mL和84 8U/mL.     

Application of a glyphosate-based herbicide to Phragmites australis: Impact on groundwater and near-shore lake water at a beach on Georgian Bay

During the past decade, the invasive Phragmites australis (common reed) has established itself along beaches of the Great Lakes, causing detrimental impacts to both the natural ecological integrity of the shoreline and the recreational value of beaches. The herbicide Roundup®, containing the active ingredient glyphosate, was applied to Phragmites along a beach on the southern shore of Georgian Bay, Canada, to eradicate the Phragmites which was destroying the natural beach ecosystem. Groundwater and lake water were tested to determine if glyphosate enters the groundwater and lake at the beach and how long glyphosate will persist. Two days after application, the geometric mean concentration of glyphosate in the groundwater below the Phragmites was 0.060 μg/L with a maximum of 12.50 μg/L. Concentrations rapidly declined over the next two to three weeks to below minimum detection limits (< 0.020 μg/L). Glyphosate was also detected in the nearshore lake water with concentrations peaking at a geometric mean of 0.14 μg/L one week after application, and declining to 0.039 μg/L four weeks after application. Concentrations of glyphosate never exceeded the Canadian water quality guideline for the protection of aquatic life (65 μg/L) in either the groundwater or lake water. An approximate half-life for the dissipation of glyphosate by degradation and dilution/flushing as groundwater flows toward the lake, assuming a first order kinetic reaction, yielded a half-life of 3.5 during the 4 weeks after the herbicide was applied. The application of Roundup® resulted in an 90% reduction in the size of the stand of Phragmites.     

Synergistic effect in anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and dairy manure - a batch kinetic study

Methane yield of seven co-digestion mixture proportions (1:0, 5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 0:1) of rice straw and dairy manure was investigated at a total solids (TS) loading of 8%. Methane yield was improved by 50–57% and 9–10% with co-digestion at mixture proportions of 1:1,1:3 and 1:5 compared to mono digestion of rice straw and dairy manure, respectively. The modified Gompertz model accounted well for the kinetic behavior of methane yield with an R² of 0.99 and Root Mean Square Error of 0.06–1.70. It was observed that the co-digestion caused a reduction in lag phase time and improvement in the maximum methane production rate. The positive synergistic effects are a result of nutrient balance with the co-digestion of dairy manure and rice straw.     

草浆黑液的化学改性和作为混凝土减水剂的应用

采用催化氧化再磺化工艺制备了水溶性草浆黑液木质素磺酸盐(SBT-LSN)混凝土减水剂。混凝土试验结果表明,经磺化改性后的产品分散性能得到明显改善,在0.25%掺量下,混凝土减水率达11.4%,含气量为4%,有一定的缓凝作用;对混凝土抗压强度有较大的提高,3d和28d抗压强度比分别达125%和110%,对混凝土早期强度的改善更明显。其适宜的掺量范围为水泥含量的0.1%～0.5%,适合于配制C40(及以下)中低强度混凝土。     

生物质秸秆灰活性分析及对混凝土力学特性的影响

为评估生物质秸秆灰作为混凝土掺合料时的活性及适用性,分析了直燃获得的生物质秸秆灰的总成分、活性成分、物相、颗粒粒度及烧失量对混凝土力学性能的影响。试验选取4种直燃后的灰样(小麦秸秆灰(WSA)、高粱秸秆灰(SHSA)、水稻秸秆灰(RSA)和大豆秸秆灰(SBSA))进行试验。采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)进行物相分析,采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)检测4种秸秆灰的元素组成及含量,根据相应标准检测混凝土的力学特性。研究表明:高粱秸秆灰含有27.79%的活性SiO_2+Al_2O_3总成分和73.94%的SiO_2+Al_2O_3总成分,满足ASTM对F级火山灰材料的规定,其具有4种生物质灰中最高的活性成分和总成分。当高粱灰作为掺合料时,试样7 d抗压强度较对照组强1.5%,而28 d的强度损失为1.2%,这表明未经预处理的直燃高粱秸秆灰作为是4种生物质灰中最优良的掺合料。研究还发现,活性成分和总成分与抗压强度呈正相关,而烧失量呈负相关。     

Musk fragrances, DEHP and heavy metals in a 20 years old sludge treatment reed bed system

The Sludge Treatment Reed Bed (STRB) technology is a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly technology to dewater and mineralize surplus sludge from conventional wastewater treatment systems. Primary and secondary liquid sludge is loaded onto the surface of the bed over several years, where it is dewatered, mineralized and turned into a biosolid with a high dry matter content for use as an organic fertilizer on agricultural land. We analysed the concentrations of five organic micropollutants (galaxolide, tonalide, cashmeran, celestolide and DEHP) and six heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn and Cr) in the accumulated sludge in a 20-year old STRB in Denmark in order to assess the degradation and fate of these contaminants in a STRB and the relation to sludge composition. The results showed that the deposited sludge was dewatered to reach a dry matter content of 29%, and that up to a third of the organic content of the sludge was mineralized. The concentrations of heavy metals generally increased with depth in the vertical sludge profile due to the dewatering and mineralization of organic matter, but in all cases the concentrations were below the European Union legal limits for agricultural land disposal. The concentrations of fragrances and DEHP ranged from 10 to 9000 ng g⁻¹ dry mass. The attenuation of hydrophobic micropollutants from the top to the bottom layer of the reed bed ranged from 40 to 98%, except for tonalide which increased significantly with sludge depth, and consequently showed an unusual depth distribution of the galaxolide/tonalide ratio. This unexpected pattern may reflect changes imposed by a long storage time and/or different composition of the fresh sludge in the past. The lack of a significant decreasing DEHP concentration with sludge age might indicate that this compound is very persistent in STRBs. In conclusion the STRB was a feasible technology for sludge treatment before its land disposal.     

麦草浆电化学漂白的研究

对麦草浆电化学漂白的工艺及可行性进行了初步探讨．以氯化钠、水在一特制的电解槽内使电解与漂白反应一次完成,并考察了漂白过程中氯的产生与消耗的动态情况．结果表明,电化学法漂白减少了制漂等一系列工序,得到的麦草浆白度高,降解少,漂白废液可以循环使用,特别在减少漂白用水及降低污染负荷等方面具有明显的优势,是一项有前途的漂白新技术．     

利用秸秆制造新型复合节能墙体材料的可行性研究

新型复合节能墙体材料是以秸秆、粉煤灰、水泥为主要材料,配以各种外加剂而制成,具有轻质高强、导热系数小、抗冻性高、粉煤灰掺量大、保温性能好等优点,是一种理想的节能墙体材料．