Critical review of available correlations for two-phase flow heat transfer of ammonia

Although ammonia has been used for decades as a refrigerant of choice for selected large- and small-scale applications, no formal database is available on heat transfer of ammonia. A critical review of the published literature on heat transfer of ammonia is provided in this paper. The available correlations for in-tube and external boiling/evaporation and condensation heat transfer of ammonia are discussed and evaluated where possible. Supported by the findings of this effort, research areas of relevance that can contribute to expanded use of ammonia as an environmentally friendly refrigerant are suggested.     

Prediction of evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures

A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction.     

平面条形药包控制大爆破在马鞭洲工程中的应用

在硐室爆破工程中应用平面条形药包可以有效地实现对抛掷的控制。本文论述了平面条形药包的作用机理及特征，并结合马鞭洲第二炮——１３５０ｔ大爆破工程实践，就平面条形药包的布置、起爆方法等进行了总结和探讨。     

砷化镓声电荷转移延迟线的设计与工艺研究

由于声电荷转移(ACT)这一新颖的高速缓冲抽样技术的发明,使得新一代高速高频信号处理器件的实现成为可能。本文研究了第二代平面结构的ACT器件转移沟道的电位分布特性,给出了平面结构ACT延迟线的设计,并研究了ACT器件的工艺实现。     

钨铜合金药型罩及其性能

钨铜合金药型罩的应用可以提高射流对均质钢靶的侵彻能力.这一提高得益于射流密度的提高以及断裂时间的延长. 本文对钨铜合金射流及其断裂形态通过X光照像进行了研究.它的旋转效应及其炸高特性也进行了实验研究. 钨铜合金药型罩的威力实验在φ30 mm的破甲弹上进行.在相同装药条件下与紫铜罩相比,威力提高20～30%.     

高装填密度装药技术中的选药计算

本文围绕叠片药这一装药技术,对某炮进行了有关选药计算,研究了制式火药与叠片药之间的弧厚配比和质量配比关系,并得出了一些有实用价值的结论.     

定量电子晶体学硼对Ni3Al的电荷密度分布的影响

阐述了定量电子晶体学测定晶体电荷密度分布的基本原理和方法，不足之处和改善途径。以硼对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的电荷密度分布的影响为实例，介绍了定量电子晶体学在研究晶体电子结构方面的应用前景。     

On‐Line Detection Of State‐Of‐Charge In Lead Acid Battery Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network

To realize a stable supply of electric power in an automobile, an accurate and reliable detection method of SOC (state‐of‐charge) in a lead acid battery is required. However the dynamics of the battery is very complicated. The characteristics of the battery greatly change due to its degradation. Moreover a automobile has many driving patterns, which are unknown beforehand. Thus it is not easy to detect the SOC analytically. In this paper, to overcome this problem, a new on‐line SOC detection method with a radial basis function neural network is proposed. In order to increase the detection accuracy of degraded batteries, physical values related to the degradation degree are used as input signal in the neural network. The detection accuracies for different sized batteries and various degradation states are investigated.     

制冷剂充灌量和毛细管长度对空调系统性能的影响

在空调器的匹配中，制冷剂充灌量和毛细管长度是两个非常关键的因素。本文采用理论与数值计算的方法，对制冷剂充灌量和毛细管长度对空调系统性能的影响进行了分析，为空调器的优化设计匹配、提高空调器的性能奠定了基础。     

混合冷媒气液相充注对冷媒成分的影响

R40 7C、R5 0 7A、R40 4A和R410A混合冷媒按气、液相方式进行充注时 ,冷媒容器内的冷媒成分会或多或少地随着冷媒容器移充填率的变化而变化。因此 ,本文建议充注任何混合冷媒时 ,都应该采用液相方式进行充注 ,同时为了将冷媒成分变化控制在 2 %以内 ,R40 7C冷媒容器中最后的 10 %冷媒剩余量不应再进行充注 ,R5 0 7A、R40 4A和R410A冷媒容器中的最后冷媒剩余量可控制在 5 %。