Long-term external pitting and corrosion of buried cast iron water pipes

Improved understanding of the development with time of pitting and corrosion of the external surfaces of buried cast iron water pipes is crucial for the management of water supply distribution networks. The present study reports observations of surface topography of cast iron pipes exposed between 34 and 129 years in clay soils. Pit depths, surface areas and widths associated with deeper pits are reported, including as functions of exposure period. Pitting appears to progress in a step-wise manner as also earlier reported for the corrosion of steels. While there is a relation between pit depth and lateral size of pits through the amalgamation of pits to form plateaus into which new pits tend to form, the predominant progression of material loss through corrosion and pitting is into the metal rather than laterally. The practical implications of these observations are discussed.     

深海集矿机行走的视景仿真系统设计与实现

针对深海采矿系统在海底黑暗地带工作无法直观、便捷地监测这一问题,设计和实现了一种基于Visual C++和Vega Prime软件联合开发的深海采矿视景仿真系统。利用Terra Vista软件和Multigen Creator 软件构建了三维虚拟场景,包括采矿系统三维实体模型的创建和海底地形的生成,并在Vega Prime软件中实现了视景仿真。介绍了利用Visual C++二次开发Vega Prime视景仿真系统的方法,根据加载的实时数据驱动集矿机模型,控制其运动路径。阐述了Vega Prime与OpenGL联合开发的关键技术及方法,并绘制了集矿机的行走轨迹图。仿真结果表明:此方案能逼真、准确、实时地模拟集矿机在海底的动态运动,对深海采矿作业的顺利进行具有一定的参考意义。     

波浪加速度不对称性对海床液化的影响

为研究加速度不对称波浪作用下的海床响应特征,基于Biot多孔弹性介质理论建立了波浪作用下海床响应数学模型,采用水槽实验数据对模型进行了验证。通过引入加速度不对称波浪压力边界条件的计算方法,模拟分析了波浪加速度不对称性对海床内部孔隙水压力、有效应力以及土体液化的影响。结果表明,波浪加速度不对称性会引起海床表层正向孔压幅值的显著衰减,使孔压的空间分布变得偏斜,减小了液化深度和宽度,使海床液化区域变得窄而浅。     

浮桥锚纲卧链长度计算及锚定安全判别

针对锚纲悬链线的特点，建立了锚纲悬链线方程，根据锚纲是否存在卧链长度来判别自悬链和约束链的状况，先后引入了卧链长度参数K1和卧链长度无因次参数K2的概念，依托系留点锚纲垂直夹角分析得到卧链长度的计算公式，在考虑误差修正的基础上，提出了锚定安全性的判别条件，运用算例进行了验证，为浮桥锚定设计提供一定的技术支持。     

Fractal characteristic evaluation and interpolation reconstruction for surface topography of drilled composite hole wall

In this paper, an improved fractal interpolation model is proposed to reconstruct the surface topography of composite hole wall. This model adopts the maximum positive deviations and maximum negative deviations between the measured values and trend values to determine the contraction factors. Hole profiles in 24 directions are measured. Fractal parameters are calculated to evaluate the measured surface profiles. The maximum and minimum fractal dimension of the hole wall are 1.36 and 1.07, whereas the maximum and minimum fractal roughness are 4.05 × 10 ⁻⁵ and 4.36 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ m, respectively. Based on the two-dimensional evaluation results, three-dimensional surface topographies in five typical angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 165°) are reconstructed using the improved model. Fractal parameter D _s and statistical parameters Sa, Sq, and Sz are used to evaluate the reconstructed surfaces. Average error of D _s, Sa, Sq, and Sz between the measured surfaces and the reconstructed surfaces are 1.53%, 3.60%, 5.60%, and 9.47%, respectively. Compared with the model in published literature, the proposed model has equal reconstruction effect in relatively smooth surface and is more advanced in relatively rough surface. Comparative results prove that the proposed model for calculating contraction factors is more reasonable.     

电化学光整加工对表面微观几何形貌的影响

通过对电化学光整加工过程中所得到的工件阳极表面微观几何形貌变化的分析，指出电化学光整加工过程是表面微观几何形貌的“圆角化”过程；结合表面微观几何形貌电化学溶解过程所建立的数学模型，提出“尖峰”形表面微观几何形貌的存在有利于改善电化学光整加工质量的观点，并在此基础上借助强化机械作用的手段，实现了大型反应釜内表面的光整加工处理，其表面粗糙度R“值可在短时间内降至0．04μm以下。     

Differences in visual perception of age and attractiveness of female facial and body skin

Perception of age and health is critical in the judgement of attractiveness. The few studies conducted on the significance of apparent skin condition on human physical appearance have studied faces alone or isolated fields of images facial skin. Little is known about whether perception of the face matches that of other body parts or if body skin affects overall age and attractiveness perception when presented in combination with facial skin. We hypothesized that independent presentation of female faces, chests and arms (including hands) – cropped from a full face and upper body image – would result in significant differences in perception of age and attractiveness compared to the corresponding composite. Furthermore, we sought to investigate whether relatively young and attractive looking skin on selected, individual parts of the body affects overall perception. Digital photographs of 52 women aged 45–65 years were collected and processed to yield four derivative sets of images: One set showed the composite of all features, i.e. the face, the chest and the arms, whereas the other three were cropped carefully to show each part of the upper body described above independently. A total of 240 participants judged these faces for perceived age and attractiveness. Our results showed significant differences in perception with the chest and the arms being judged significantly younger than the face or composite image of the same women. Moreover, arms and chest images were perceived as more attractive than face and composite images. Finally, regression analysis indicated that differences between the perceived and chronological values of overall age perception could be predicted by age perception of the face and arms. These results continue to support the significance of facial age perception in assessment of a woman’s age, but highlight that body skin also plays a role in overall age impression.     

Investigations of 3D Surface Roughness Characteristic＇s Accuracy

The existing surface roughness standards comprise only two dimensions. However, the real roughness of the surface is 3D （three-dimensional）. Roughness parameters of the 3D surface are also important in analyzing the mechanics of contact surfaces. Problems of mechanics of contact surfaces are related to accuracy of 3D surface roughness characteristic. One of the most important factors for 3D characteristics determination is the number of data points per x and y axes. With number of data points we understand its number in cut-off length. Number of data points have substantial influence on the accuracy of measurement results, measuring time and size of output data file （especially along the y-axis direction, where number of data points are number of parallel profiles）. Number of data points must be optimal. Small number of data points lead to incorrect results and increase distribution amplitude, but too large number of data points do not enlarge range of fundamental information, but substantially increase measuring time. Therefore, we must find optimal number of data points per each surface processing method.     

Crystallization and magnetic properties of a 10Li2O–9MnO2–16Fe2O3–25CaO–5P2O5–35SiO2 glass

The crystallization behavior and magnetic properties of 10Li₂O–9MnO₂–16Fe₂O₃–25CaO–5P₂O₅–35SiO₂ (10LFS) glass have been studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) to observe the crystallization behavior and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) for measurements of the magnetic properties. The DTA shows that the 10LFS glass has one broad exothermic peak at approximately 674 °C and one sharp (the highest) exothermic peak at 764 °C. When the 10LFS glass crystallized at 850 °C for 4 h, the crystalline phases identified by XRD were lithium silicate (Li₂SiO₃), β-wollastonite (β-CaSiO₃), lithium orthophosphate (Li₃PO₄), magnetite (FeFe₂O₄) and triphylite (Li(Mn_0.5Fe_0.5)PO₄). The SEM surface analysis revealed that the β-wollastonite and lithium silicate have a lath morphology. The TEM microstructure examination showed that the largest FeFe₂O₃ particles have a size of approximately 0.3 μm. When the 10LFS glass was heat treated at 850 °C for 16 h and a magnetic field of 1000 Oe was applied, a very small remnant magnetic induction of 0.01 emu g⁻¹ and a coercive force of 50 Oe were obtained, which revealed an inverse spinel structure.     

基于冗余提升形态小波的非对称表面特征提取研究

针对提升小波提取非对称表面形貌特征时存在平移变动性和较差的方向选择性,将具有平移不变性和良好的方向选择性的冗余提升形态Haar小波应用到非对称表面的特征提取中。开展了该形态小波对具有显著特征的非对称平顶珩磨的缸套内表面进行特征提取的分析;同时结合仿真的方法,研究了该形态Haar小波对一个模拟的具有一定长度沟槽特征的空间表面进行特征提取的效果。研究结果表明,冗余提升形态Haar小波对非对称表面形貌进行形态特征提取时,在各尺度重构的信号沿特征边缘几乎没有变动且无畸变,可实现准确提取。