超过滤膜在葡萄酒酿造中的应用进展

超过滤膜是一种新型的膜分离技术，利用膜将直径小于0．3μm的粒子与其他低分子量组分或溶剂分开，广泛应用于食品工业、电子工业、水处理工程、医药化工等领域，文中介绍了超过滤膜的工作原理和在葡萄酒酿造中的应用状况，以及利用超过滤膜改善和提高葡萄酒品质的作用。     

Influence of Dekkera bruxellensis on the contents of anthocyanins,organic acids and volatile phenols of Dão red wine

The anthocyanin, organic acid and volatile phenol compositions of red wine obtained from Touriga Nacional grapes growing in the Dão region (Portugal) were determined by HPLC/DAD, HPLC/UV and GC/FID, respectively. By these means, nine anthocyanic compounds (malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin and malvidin), six organic acids (ketoglutaric, tartaric, malic, quinic, lactic and shikimic acids) and two volatile phenols (4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol) were identified and quantified. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside, the pair lactic plus shikimic acids and 4-ethylguaiacol were the main anthocyanin, organic acids and volatile phenol, respectively. The effects of nine different Dekkera bruxellensis strains on these chemical parameters were also evaluated. The results obtained indicate that some strains of D. bruxellensis yeast are able to cause deterioration of red wine from the Dão region during its maturation by the production of volatile phenols, namely 4-ethylphenol.     

Dilute-and-shoot procedure for the determination of mineral constituents in vinegar samples by axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES)

Samples of commercial wine vinegar were introduced in an axially viewed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry instrument (AX-ICP OES) equipped with different sample introduction systems: a cross-flow nebulizer combined with a double-path spray chamber (CF-DP) and cone spray associated with a cyclone spray chamber (CS-CC). Samples of white and red wine vinegar were diluted with water before analysis. Higher magnesium Mg II/Mg I ratios (11 and 10 for CS-CC and CF-DP, respectively) were obtained using a nebulization gas flow rate of 0.6 l min^-1 and an applied power of 1.3 kW. The background equivalent concentrations (BEC) and signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of analytes were improved using scandium (Sc) as the internal standard. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for mineral constituents were similar for both introduction systems. Best recoveries values were obtained using a plasma under robust conditions, CS-CC system and Sc as the internal standard. The concentration determined in 13 commercial samples of wine vinegars varied between 0.2 and 3.0, between 0.02 and 0.4, between 8.5 and 100.0, between 0.01 and 0.05, between 27.0 and 540.0, between 4.0 and 79.0, between 0.4 and 10.0, and between 0.01 and 2.0 for aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), respectively.     

A survey of biogenic amines in chinese red wines

Eight biogenic amines were analyzed in 38 samples of red wine from five wine-making regions of China. The analysis was carried out by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector and dansyl chloride precolumn derivation. Tryptamine was not found in any of the samples. Putrescine was detected in all samples (100%), followed by phenylethylamine (84.2%), spermidine (60.5%), histamine (57.8%), tyramine (57.8%), cadaverine (47.4%), and spermine (36.8%). In all the samples, the levels of aromatic and heterocyclic amines with toxicological effects were: 0–4.58 mg/l for phenylethylamine, 0–10.51 mg/l for histamine, and 0–9.13 mg/l for tyramine. The amount of histamine and tyramine in most of the samples (94.7%) was less than 8 mg/l. The amines associated with sanitary conditions were also found to be present in a very low range, between 0 and 12.98 mg/l for putrescine, 0 and 19.01 mg/l for cadaverine, respectively. In the case of other amines such as spermine and spermidine, they yielded very low levels varying between 0 and 2.64 mg/l for spermine, 0 and 3.82 mg/l for spermidine, respectively.     

The effect of mechanical harvesting and transport of grapes, and juice oxidation, on the protein stability of wines

The concentration of haze-forming protein was determined in wines made from Sauvignon Blanc grapes harvested by hand or machine and transported for up to 400 km. The effect of oxidation of juice from mechanically harvested fruit on the concentration of haze-forming proteins was also investigated. Wines made from mechanically harvested, long-distance transported fruit contained more heat-unstable protein, and required fining with twice as much bentonite to ensure heat stability as wines made from hand-picked fruit. Juice oxidation had little effect on protein content of the juice or of the wine made from it.     

Q303麸皮根霉曲在黄酒生产中的应用总结

Ｑ３０３麸皮根霉曲自１９８２年开始在黄酒生产中推广应用以来，经过近２０年的实践，不但取得了成功的经验，并获得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。就Ｑ３０３麸皮根霉曲的培养要点，以及在黄酒生产中应用的技术要求，作为较为详细的叙述。     

南瓜、枸杞、芦荟复合发酵果酒的制造

以南瓜、枸杞、芦荟三种汁液为原料生产复合果酒。通过正交实验筛选出一组最佳的混合汁配方,分别选用三种不同的葡萄酒高活性干酵母菌种、三种不同的接种量,在三种不同的温度下进行发酵,经过正交实验,筛选出一组最佳的复合发酵果酒。实验结果表明,接种0.08%的安琪2号葡萄酒高活性干酵母,控温在23℃下发酵的果酒,营养丰富,色香味俱佳。     

香瓜酒发酵工艺的研究

以香瓜为主要原料,研究了生产发酵型香瓜酒的工艺过程,用正交试验确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明,取占香瓜浆质量0.02%的葡萄酒干酵母,活化添加到糖度21%、pH3.8的香瓜原汁中,经24℃发酵10d,酒精度可达11%(v/v),可制得色泽淡黄、口感协调、澄清透明、独特芳香的香瓜酒。     

龙葵饮料下脚料发酵生产果酒的工艺研究

研究了以龙葵饮料生产的下脚料果渣为原料生产龙葵果酒的加工工艺。结果表明，选择同液比1：4，接种量8％，糖度18％，温度22℃，pH值3．4，主发酵7d，4000r／min，离心25min可得到澄清的酒液，陈酿后酒味更佳。