松嫩平原盐碱地研究存在的两个问题

论述松嫩平原盐碱化研究中存在的两个问题:①对松嫩平原盐碱化土地面积有多种不同的表达,且各种表达之间差异较大;②对松嫩平原盐碱化程度判别标准不尽一致.同时分析了出现这些问题的原因.笔者建议有关方面通力协作,规范松嫩平原土地盐碱化的判定标准,对当前松嫩平原盐碱化土地面积做出相对准确的分析和判断,为振兴东北工业基地、建立可持续发展环境提供科学决策依据.     

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Comparison of Urban Land Cover Changes in Typical Cities in China-Kazakhstan Arid Region based on Cloud Platform

Urban land cover composition is the key factor affecting the living environment and urban ecosystem service. Based on the Google Earth Engine platform, Landsat 5/8 remote sensing image data were used to adopt the improved "Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil" model and linear spectral mixed decomposition method. The variation characteristics of land cover in Nur-Sudan, Almaty, Urumqi cities from 1990 to 2015 were compared and analyzed. The results show that the urban built-up area of Urumqi city expanded the largest area of the three cities from1990 to 2015, with an expansion of 349.81 km², followed by Nur-Sultan, with a city expansion area of 158.16 km². As the capital of Kazakhstan was relocated from Almaty to Nur-Sultan, the city of Almaty expanded the slowest during the entire period, with a total expansion of 126.23 km². In the urban built-up area, the urban surface in Urumqi increased by 7.10% from 1990 to 2015, and the Nur-Sultan and Almaty decreased by 14.9% and 4.49%，respectively. The green space component of the built-up area, Nur-Sultan increased by 6.68% from 1990 to 2015, while Urumqi and Almaty decreased by 6.65% and 2.75%，respectively. The different surface cover patterns of cities are different for different reasons. Urumqi is mainly supported by national policies, and Almaty is known for its historical background and urban planning, while the rapid development of Nur-Sudan was affected by the relocation of Kazakhstan.     

污染土地和建筑物再利用——核设施退役场址开放的问题

简述了几篇关于核设施退役与土地及建筑物再利用文章的主要内容 ,是在日本广岛召开的国际辐射防护协会第 1 0届大会上发表的。其中关于土地和建筑物开放无限制使用的剂量准则及工作程序对我们的工作会有参考价值。     

Economic evaluation of desalination by small-scale autonomous solar-powered membrane distillation units

Solar-powered desalination is an attractive and viable method for the production of fresh water in remote arid areas. One of the most important factors determining desalination decisions is economics. This paper presents an economic assessment performed to estimate the expected water cost, which is the ultimate measure of the feasibility of the stand-alone system. Based on the calculations, the estimated cost of potable water produced by the compact unit is $15/m³, and $18/m³ for water produced by the large unit. Membrane lifetime and plant lifetime are key factors in determining the water production cost. The cost decreases with increasing the membrane and/or the plant lifetime.     

干旱区湖滨沉积物中不同粒度石英矿物等效剂量对比

采用双单片再生法在4个湖滨沉积物中测量了不同粒径石英的等效剂量值.实验结果出现两种不同情况,一种是在63-400μm粒度区间,石英的De值基本一致,并随粒度增加略微减小;另一种是在125-300 μm粒度区间,石英的De值比较接近,而63-90μm、甚至90-125μm石英的De明显偏小约50%.第一种现象与文献[18]的报道是一致的,后一种现象难以用已有的研究成果进行解释.     

基于农用地分等的耕地等级折算研究——以呼和浩特市为例

耕地占补平衡由数量型向数量—质量型综合平衡管理的升级,已成为当前土地资源管理工作的重要任务。本文以呼和浩特市为例,在农用地分等成果的基础上,以单位标准粮产量为桥梁,确定耕地质量数量等级折算系数,从而实现耕地占补的数量—质量综合平衡。     

干旱环境下游泳馆的设计与“水”元素的表达——以石河子大学游泳馆为例

该文以石河子大学游泳馆为例,在深入分析基地周边环境、当地气候条件和建筑自身功能的基础上,从"建筑造型、结构体系和材料选型"三个方面,阐述了干旱环境下游泳馆的设计理念,提出了用曲线图形诠释和表达"水"元素的设计思想。同时,在设计中本着"轻重一体、虚实结合、曲直对比、便于识别"的设计原则,采用轻巧的大跨度钢架结构体系与稳重的混凝土结构体系,构建了一个富有动感、内外通透和形态飘逸的"波浪型"建筑,表现出游泳运动所特有的技巧和力量,彰显出建筑造型的流畅感、运动感和意境感。     

Design development and testing of a solar PV pump based drip system for orchards

A Solar Photovoltaic (PV) pump operated drip irrigation system has been designed and developed for growing orchards in arid region considering different design parameters like pumps size, water requirements, the diurnal variation in the pressure of the pump due to change in irradiance and pressure compensation in the drippers. The system comprising a PV pump with 900 W_p PV array and 800 W dc motor-pump mono-block, micro filter, main and sub-mains and three open-able low-pressure compensating drippers on each plant was field tested. The emission uniformity was observed to be 92–94% with discharge of 3.8 l/h in the pressure range of 70–100 kPa provided by the pump and thus the system could irrigate some 1 ha area within 2 h. Based on the performance of the PV pump and the drip system, it was inferred that about 5 ha area of orchard could be covered. The projected benefit–cost ratio for growing pomegranate orchards with such a system was evaluated to be above 2 even with the costly PV pump and therefore the system was considered to be an appropriate technology for the development of arid region.     

应用遥感技术监测土壤湿度的研究(一)——农田水分的红外温度监测

通过大量观测资料确定了用红外测温仪观测作物冠层温差的最佳方法,并进而通过冠层温差与土壤水分之间的关系,确定了冬小麦关键期的受旱指标,为大面积应用遥感技术监测土壤水分提供了依据。     

神府东胜煤田开发中扰动地面径流泥沙模拟研究

神府东胜国家级特大煤田在开发建设过程中,严重扰动了原有的土壤结构层次,破坏了地面的植被,造成了严重的新增水土流失,本文采用野外放水冲刷实验的研究方法,对神府东胜煤田开发建设中人为扰动地面侵蚀产沙规律进行了模拟研究。结果表明:5°条件下在流量为15 L/min2、0 L/min2、5 L/min时产沙量与径流量呈幂函数关系,10 L/min时呈线性关系。11°条件下在各放水流量时的产沙量与径流量呈线性关系。17°条件下流量为10 L/min1、5 L/min时产沙量与径流量呈对数函数关系,20 L/min2、5 L/min时呈线性关系。产沙量与坡度在放水流量10 L/min2、5 L/min时呈对数函数关系,在放水流量15 L/min2、0 L/min时呈线性关系变化。径流量与放水流量呈线性关系,产沙量与放水流量呈对数函数关系。