雷州半岛旱地甘蔗“三高”工程的实践与体会

本文扼要地回顾了雷州半岛旱地甘蔗发展的历史。简述了该地区的自然环境特点。总结了近几年来实现甘蔗“三高”的成功经验和技术措施。对今后实现“三高”工程提出了几个要思考的问题。     

江西山地丘陵地带历史文化名村保护规划探析——以贵溪耳口曾家村为例

随着社会经济的发展,越来越多山地丘陵历史文化名村受到人们的关注和重视,该文以江西曾家村历史文化名村保护规划为例,从保护要素、保护层次、空间形态、保护性开发四个方面对曾家村历史文化遗产保护规划进行探析,以利于历史风貌的有机保护和山地丘陵传统格局的延续。     

干旱戈壁荒漠矿区破坏土地生态化复垦模式分析

西北干旱戈壁荒漠区气候条件恶劣,水资源短缺,生态系统极度脆弱,矿区破坏土地复垦难度极大。本文以太西煤集团民勤实业有限公司红沙岗矿区二号井为例,在充分调查项目区气候、地貌、土壤、水源以及植被等特点的基础上,认为西北干旱戈壁荒漠矿区破坏土地生态复垦目标定位为尽量减少原生态扰动,以保护地表砾幂层、增加地表覆盖为核心进行植被建设;本区域土地生态复垦方向为超旱生灌木林(林间种草)或草地,并针对土地利用方向构建了一套适合西北干旱戈壁荒漠区的切实可行的土地生态化复垦模式,包括生态复垦措施及其规划布局方案,可为同类型区土地复垦与生态恢复提供一定的参考。     

Regional Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration in Arid and Semiarid Regions

Evapotranspiration is critical to many applications including water resource management, irrigation scheduling, and environmental studies. Many models based on meteorological data have already been developed to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in various climatic and geographical conditions. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performances of the Makkink, Priestley-Taylor, and Hargreaves models versus the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PMF-56) method in arid and semiarid regions of Iran during 1993–2005 and to identify the alternative ET0 model that presents results closest to the PMF-56 method. Additionally, a regional estimation of monthly ET0 with the best-performed model is presented by using the spatially distributed physical parameters and geographical information system. The results indicated that the Hargreaves model was the best model to estimate ET0 in eastern arid and semiarid regions of Iran. The spatial distribution maps of ET0 showed that ET0 values increased from north to south as the aridity increased in the study area. The estimated total monthly ET0 revealed a significant variation during the growing seasons (April–September) so that the study region experienced the highest and lowest ET0 values of 250 and 80 mm in July and April, respectively.     

Interbasin Water Transfer: Economic Water Quality-Based Model

The interbasin water transfer project is an alternative to balance the nonuniform temporal and spatial distribution of water resources and water demands, especially in arid and semi arid regions. A water transfer project can be executed if it is environmentally and economically justified. In this study, the feasibility of two interbasin water transfer projects from Karoon River in the western part of Iran to the central part of the country is investigated. An optimization model with an economic objective function to maximize the net benefit of the interbasin water transfer projects is developed. The planning horizon of the model is 23 years (the length of historical data); and it is solved using genetic algorithm. In order to consider environmental impacts of water transfer projects, a water quality simulation model has been used. Then, an Artificial Neural Network model is trained based on the simulation results of a river water quality model in order to be coupled with the optimization model. The outputs of the optimization model are the value of economic gain of the sending (Karoon) basin to offset the loss of agricultural income and environmental costs. The optimal polices for water transfer during the planning horizon has been generated using the coupled simulation-optimization model. Then, operating rules are developed using a K Nearest Neighborhood model for the real time water transfer operation. The results show the significant value of using the proposed algorithm and economic evaluation for water transfer projects.     

长江中下游干流洲滩控制利用思路初步探讨

长江中下游干流两岸江堤之间存在着大量的洲滩,是极其宝贵的土地资源,部分洲滩还具备可资利用的深水岸线资源。如何合理开发利用长江中下游干流河道洲滩资源,为中下游地区经济社会可持续发展创造有利条件,是长江中下游干流河道治理规划中需要思考的重要问题。在总结近年来洲滩开发利用现状的基础上,对长江中下游地区干流洲滩控制利用思路进行了初步探讨,为实现长江中下游干流洲滩资源的科学规划、合理利用和有效保护提供参考借鉴。     

New Methodology for the Risk Analysis and Economic Impact Assessment of Agricultural Droughts

The paper proposes a new methodology that studies agricultural drought not only in terms of deficit soil water content, its frequency and severity, as in the traditional approach, but also in terms of net benefit. For this purpose the relationship between drought index, crop yield, and crop economic net benefit is modeled and three threshold levels are considered. The first is the critical water content, below which the crop faces water stress (termed as potential agricultural drought). The second is the critical net benefit, below which there is meager (e.g., zero) profit (termed as actual agricultural drought). The third is the critical return period (or frequency) of the actual agricultural drought, below which there is an agricultural aridity (almost steady phenomenon with high impact, high risk) and above which there is an agricultural drought (occasional phenomenon with high impact, low risk). To pinpoint the time of occurrence of the potential and the actual agricultural drought, real-time monitoring is conducted. The rapidity with which these critical conditions are reached is considered as indicative of the crop vulnerability to the corresponding phenomenon. The evolved methodology therefore is based on an objective definition of agricultural drought and is formulated accounting for its peculiar characteristics. The methodology is called the risk analysis and economic impact assessment of agricultural drought (ADERA). ADERA is applied to the rainfed sunflower crop in the Papiano (central Italy) experimental plots for which the 26-year time series for yield and the corresponding phenological, climatic, and economic data are available. The drought index-crop yield-crop economic net benefit relationship makes it possible to quantify the frequency (return period) of the actual agricultural drought and to show that for the given costs and crop sale price the actual agricultural drought risk for the crop is low. For the case study, the vulnerability of the unit to the agricultural drought is low, as the critical net benefit typically occurs late in the growing season.     

内蒙巴彦宝力格地区遥感找水应用研究

介绍了内蒙古锡林浩特市胜利煤田露天矿区水文地质普查中运用综合水文地质勘察方法的情况、遥感方案的选择、技术思路,以及利用遥感方法进行区域水文地质调绘所取得的成果,对遥感水文地质的发展提出了作者的看法     

内蒙古巴彦宝力格地区遥感找水应用研究

介绍了内蒙古锡林浩特市胜利煤田露天矿区水文地质普查中运用综合水文地质勘察方法泊情况、遥感方案的选择、技术思路,以及利用遥感方法进行区域水文地质调绘所取得的成果,对遥感水文地质的发展提出了作者的看法。     

Landsat TM热红外遥感数据定量反演地下水富集带的温度信息--以甘肃河西地区石羊河流域为例

利用ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ６热红外遥感数据定量反演了干旱地区的地表温度,研究结果表明,区典型地表覆盖类型的地表亮温比地表起初温度低０．４－１Ｋ,遥感反演的地面真实温度与当地３月下旬的实测温度误差在０．８Ｋ以下,这说明用ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ６定量反演干旱区的地表温度是可行的。研究结果表明,地下水富集带地表温度具有异常现象,其地表温度比地表水体高５Ｋ左右,而比其它地表类型低７Ｋ以上,据此,可以利用热红外遥感