Studies on the poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene)/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation

Two types of SBS/OMMT composites are prepared by melt blending using a twin‐screw extruder. An X‐ray diffractometer indicates that polymer chains have intercalated into the gallery of the clay. It is shown in TEM photos that the thickness of the layer aggregate in the SBS1301 matrix is approximately 200 Å, but in the SBS4402 matrix the size of the filler particle is in micrometers. When SBS1301 is intermingled into SBS4402/OMMT, the particle size is reduced obviously. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposite, SBS1301/OMMT, increase with the addition of OMMT; and when addition is 5phr, they achieve maximum. A small content of OMMT (less than 5phr) can prevent the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the SBS1301/MMT. In addition, a small content of SBS4402 (less than 20 wt %) can improve the mechanical properties of the SBS1301/OMMT composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 146–152, 2005     

成都粘土预处理垃圾渗滤液中COD的实验研究

在不同实验条件下,以成都长安垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,利用成都粘土去除垃圾渗滤液中的COD.研究表明,成都粘土对垃圾渗滤液中的COD具有一定的去除效果.在最佳实验条件为用土量85g/L,pH=6.0,搅拌速度150 r/m in,搅拌时间40m in,静止时间12h时,成都粘土对垃圾渗滤液中COD的去除率可达到30%.     

Evaluation of group effect of pile group under dragload embedded in clay

A simple semi-empirical analysis method for predicting the group effect of pile group under dragload embedded in clay was described assuming an effective influence area around various locations of pile group. Various pile and soil parameters such as the array of pile group, spacing of the piles (S), embedment length to diameter ratio of piles (L/D) and the soil properties such as density (γ), angle of internal friction (φ) and pile-soil interface friction coefficient (μ) were considered in the analysis. Model test for dragload of pile group on viscosity soil layer under surface load consolidation conditions was studied. The variations of dragload of pile, resistance of pile tip and the layered settlement of soil with consolidation time were measured. In order to perform comparative analysis, single pile was tested in the same conditions. The predicted group effect values of pile group under dragload were then compared with model test results carried out as a part of the present investigation and also with the values reported in literatures. The predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the measured values, validating the developed analysis method. The model test results show that negative skin friction of pile shaft will reach 80%–90% of its maximum value, when pile-soil relative displacement reaches 2 mm. Foundation item: Project(50679015) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的预估分析

基于非饱和土基本理论,利用基质吸力及土水特征曲线的最新研究成果,对受地下水位控制的粘土路基的平衡湿度状态进行了预估分析;同时采用室内重复动三轴试验方法,建立了非饱和粘性路基土动回弹模量的双线性本构经验预估模型。将上述研究成果相结合,创建了综合考虑路基湿度和应力状态的路基当量回弹模量的预估方法,并结合实体工程建立了以地下水位、路基填筑高度为核心的路基当量回弹模量预估方程。通过与试验路上传统测试方法测试结果的对比分析,表明该评价方法具有准确、可靠特点。研究成果从平衡湿度和应力状态耦合控制的角度,对水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的确定提供了新的视角和途径。     

冻结方式影响试样内部结构变化的CT研究

利用CT技术可以在不破坏土体结构的情况下,连续不间断的观测到土体试样内各局部区域参数的变化.研究了两种粉质黏土试样分别以不同冻结方式进行冻结,并对试样进行了无损CT扫描,比较了冻结前后的CT数变化,由此定量得到试样内部各区域含水量和干密度的变化程度.结果表明:对于初始均匀的试样而言,不同冻结方式,对试样冻结后其内部含水量和干密度的变化的影响程度及趋势是不同的,比较而言,轴向冻结方式对冻土试样内部含水量的变化影响要小于径向冻结方式.     

Enhancement of radiation‐resistant effect in ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers by the formation of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers/clay nanocomposites

Ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers/clay nanocomposites, prepared by using nonreactive organophilic clay and reactive organophilic clay, were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The influence of gamma irradiation on the structure and properties of the pure EVA and EVA/clay nanocomposites was systematically investigated. In the presence of gamma radiation, the clay can effectively restrain the increase of the storage modulus of EVA/clay nanocomposites, which was supported by dynamical mechanical analysis. Gamma irradiation had almost no effect on the thermal properties of EVA/clay nanocomposites by using nonreactive organophilic clay, but it obviously improved the thermal stability of EVA/clay nanocomposites by using reactive organophilic clay. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2532–2538, 2005     

Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/sodium montmorillonite hybrid films

Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CKGM)/ sodium montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid films of various compositions were prepared by casting from a polymer/silicate water suspension. The structure and properties of the hybrid films were investigated by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. The results from WXRD and TEM indicated that an intercalated CKGM/MMT nanocomposite film was obtained by polymer solution intercalation. WXRD and DSC showed that the high‐T_m crystal phase was induced by the presence of lower MMT loading, but the T_m of the hybrid films became weak with the increase of MMT content due to the polymer confinement. The hybrid films showed higher thermal stability and mechanical properties than that of the neat polysaccharide due to the strong interaction between hydroxyl and carbonyl group of CKGM and the silicate layer of MMT. Furthermore, the degree of swelling of the hybrid films was investigated in acidic buffer solutions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2954–2961, 2007     

Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites

Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in an intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder. The effect of molecular weight of PP‐MA (maleic anhydride‐ modified polypropylene) on clay dispersion and mechanical properties of nanocomposites was investigated. After injection molding, the tensile properties and impact strength were measured. The best overall mechanical properties were found for composites containing PP‐MA having the highest molecular weight. The basal spacing of clay in the composites was measured by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Nanoscale morphology of the samples was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallization kinetics was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy at a fixed crystallization temperature. Increasing the clay content in PP‐ MA330k/clay, a well‐dispersed two‐component system, caused the impact strength to decrease while the crystallization kinetics and the spherulite size remained almost the same. On the other hand, PP/PP‐MA330k/clay, an intercalated three‐component system containing some dispersed clay as well as the clay tactoids, showed a much smaller size of spherulites and a slight increase in impact strength with increasing the clay content. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1562–1570, 2002     

Investigation of polymer and nanoclay orientation distribution in nylon 6/montmorillonite nanocomposite

A method to determine the orientation distribution function of montmorillonite clay in nylon 6 nanocomposite films by a combination of infrared (FTIR) trichroic analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis is described. The structural absorbance of the nanoclay Si-O vibrations was obtained by the sample tilting method described by Schmidt [Schmidt PG. J Polym Sci: Part A 1963;1:1271-1292]. A nonlinear least squares regression was performed to extract the absorbance of individual peaks. The montmorillonite clay orientation in spun cast nylon 6 films can be described by a Gaussian function having a standard deviation of 15° i.e. 95% of the clay platelets are tilted at an angle of within ±30° of the plane of the film. The transition dipole moment angles of the 1018 and 1046 cm⁻¹ clay vibrations are determined to be 18 and 16° relative to the clay surface, respectively. The orientation of nylon 6 in the nanocomposite was also investigated based on the NH stretching mode. The NH bonds are found to be less preferentially oriented along the plane of the film surface compared to pure nylon 6 film.     

Preparation and properties of styrene–butadiene rubber based nanocomposites: The influence of the structural and processing parameters

Rubber‐based nanocomposites were prepared with octadecyl amine modified sodium montmorillonite clay and styrene–butadiene rubber with different styrene contents (15, 23, and 40%). The solvent used to prepare the nanocomposites, the cure conditions, and the cure system were also varied to determine their effect on the properties of the nanocomposites. All the composites were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD studies revealed exfoliation for the modified clay–rubber composites. The TEM photomicrographs showed a uniform distribution of the modified clay in the rubber matrix. The thickness of the particles in the exfoliated composites was around 10–15 nm. Although the FTIR study of the unmodified and modified clays showed extra peaks due to the intercalation of the amine chains into the gallery, the spectra for the rubber–clay nanocomposites were almost the same because of the presence of a very small amount of clay in the rubber matrix. All the modified clay–rubber nanocomposites displayed improved mechanical strength. The styrene content of the rubber had a pronounced effect on the properties of the nanocomposites. With increasing styrene content, the improvement in the properties was greater. Dicumyl peroxide and sulfur cure systems displayed similar strength, but higher elongation and slightly lower modulus values were obtained with the sulfur cure system. The curing of the samples at four different durations at 160°C showed that the cure time affected the properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 698–709, 2004