Development of the Local Approach to Fracture over the Past 25 years: Theory and Applications

This review paper is devoted to the local approach to fracture (LAF) for the prediction of the fracture toughness of structural steels. The LAF has been considerably developed over the past two decades, not only to provide a better understanding of the fracture behaviour of materials, in particular the failure micromechanisms, but also to deal with loading conditions which cannot easily be handled with the conventional linear elastic fracture mechanics and elastic–plastic fracture mechanics global approaches. The bases of this relatively newly developed methodology are first presented. Both ductile rupture and brittle cleavage fracture micromechanisms are considered. The ductile-to-brittle transition observed in ferritic steels is also briefly reviewed. Two types of LAF methods are presented: (i) those assuming that the material behaviour is not affected by damage (e.g. cleavage fracture), (ii) those using a coupling effect between damage and constitutive equations (e.g. ductile fracture). The micromechanisms of brittle and ductile fracture investigated in elementary volume elements are briefly presented. The emphasis is laid on cleavage fracture in ferritic steels. The role of second phase particles (carbides or inclusions) and grain boundaries is more thoroughly discussed. The distinction between nucleation and growth controlled fracture is made. Recent developments in the theory of cleavage fracture incorporating both the effect of stress state and that of plastic strain are presented. These theoretical results are applied to the crack tip situation to predict the fracture toughness. It is shown that the ductile-to-brittle transition curve can reasonably be well predicted using the LAF approach. Additional applications of the LAF approach methods are also shown, including: (i) the effect of loading rate and prestressing; (ii) the influence of residual stresses in welds; (iii) the mismatch effects in welds; (iv) the warm-prestressing effect. An attempt is also made to delineate research areas where large improvements should be made for a better understanding of the failure behaviour of structural materials.     

Influence of particle elasticity in shear testers

Two dimensional simulations of non-cohesive granular matter in a biaxial shear tester are discussed. The effect of particle elasticity on the mechanical behavior is investigated using two complementary distinct element methods (DEM): Soft particle molecular dynamics simulations (Particle Flow Code, PFC) for elastic particles and contact dynamics simulations (CD) for the limit of perfectly rigid particles. As soon as the system dilates to form shear bands, it relaxes the elastic strains so that one finds the same stresses for rigid respectively elastic particles in steady state flow. The principal stresses in steady state flow are determined. They are proportional to each other, giving rise to an effective macroscopic friction coefficient which is about 10% smaller than the microscopic friction coefficient between the grains.     

延性材料开裂机理及抗断设计

从特定的工程背景出发,结合经典力学和断裂力学对延性材料屈服和断裂解释的力学原理,通过对延性材料刻痕杆刻痕根部的断裂应力场分析,推导出了延性材料在应力三轴空间中微观裂纹的形成准则:σF=σY1-υ.随后,通过对比开孔铝合金方板的断裂试验和数值模拟结果,验证了该准则对于预测延性材料在应力三轴空间中微观裂纹的形成及宏观断裂具有较高的精度且略偏于保守.最后,给出了抗断设计建议、应用该准则时应注意的问题及进一步的研究工作.     

一种新的简化延性层裂模型

重新定义损伤、应用Cochran-Banner模型中的强度函数,提出了一种新的简化延性层裂模型。新模型抛弃了Cochran和Banner为计算他们所定义的损伤所作的基本假设:一旦微损伤形成,使微损伤演化远远易于使固体进一步发生体积应变。从而修正了差分微元中固体比容的计算。强调指出,选定重新定义的损伤以及强度函数或应力松弛方程提供了确定损伤的可能,排除了任何外加的损伤演化方程。在新的简化延性层裂模型中,一旦拉伸应力达到层裂强度,重新定义的损伤将由强度函数确定的应力松弛方程、计及损伤的能量守恒方程、状态方程以及本构方程等一系列封闭方程组确定。若干平板撞击致层裂实验的理论计算与实验结果已被比较。新模型中仅含两个参数:层裂强度及临界损伤度,它们的确定能使在一定初、边值条件下的层裂试验数值计算结果与实验测得的靶自由面速度历史或靶-低阻抗材料界面应力历史以及回收观测的层裂面上的损伤一致。     

焊接钢筋网研究应用综述

采用焊接钢筋网能提高工程质量，缩短上期。近年来，其研究应用已从混凝土板扩展到了混凝土梁、柱等构件中。在已有实验数据的基础上，对配置焊接钢筋网的混凝土板、柱、梁等构件中钢筋网的锚固、钢筋网的延性及承载力、钢筋网对裂缝的控制作用，以及采用环氧涂层后焊接钢筋网的粘结锚固性能进行了概括，归纳了焊接钢筋网技术的研究应用现状及已有的研究成果。通过综合分析，得出了相应的结论，并提出了目前研究存在的问题。     

面向剪切加工的启发式逐级分派矩形排料

通过分析剪切加工排料方案的限制条件和优化目标，提出了针对剪切加工的启发式逐级分派矩形排料算法．该算法通过分级优化保证材料的可剪性，利用启发式信息优选排料方案，最终获得有利于提高剪切加工效率的优化排料方案．该算法在保证可剪性的前提下，兼顾材料的利用率和加工的生产率，运算速度快，实用性强．同时介绍了基于该算法的排料软件的开发及应用情况。     

Theoretical and Experimental Damage Prediction in Cold and Semi‐Hot Bulk Forming of Ductile Steels

Bulk forging is among the most important manufacturing methods in metal forming, due to its wide applicability from some ounces to several tons of steel in a high diversity of shapes and forming conditions. Economical constraints demand for further optimisation and cost‐effective production. This requires the application of suitable finite elements simulation software, in order to support the already digitalised construction processes. Ductile damage is one of the most severe problems to arise during the production sequences, not only in cold but also in semi‐hot forging operations. Mathematical approaches exist for the modelling and simulation of ductile fracture in steel. In this paper some widespread used damage models are introduced and discussed. Their damage prediction quality has been verified by experiments, the tensile test and the collar specimen upsetting with several different steels under cold and semi‐hot forging conditions. The methods for the experimental fracture detection are introduced as well. In cold forging the passive ultrasonic testing with integrated statistical filtering algorithms is used. As this method is not applicable to semi‐hot forging experiments, optical fracture detection by means of a high‐speed camera is used instead. A very interesting material behaviour of the steels tested has been identified in the semi‐hot upsetting of collar specimen. For every steel a distinct temperature crossover interval exists, in which the forging process abruptly changes from damaged to undamaged state. This interval amounts to some degrees Celsius only for each of the seven materials investigated. Among the damage models proposed, the Model of Effective Stresses by Lemaitre is chosen for the application to a cold and a semi‐hot forging operation. These industrial processes of an axle end (cold) and a journal bearing (semi‐hot) are susceptible to damage for reasons to be discussed in this paper. It will be shown that the internal fracture of the axle end (chevrons) and the surface fissures of the journal bearing can be predicted with high accuracy. Moreover, the application of the damage model in the finite element software MSC.SuperForm 2004 offers a promising approach for process optimisation. Several possibilities could be tested for their suitability of reducing the calculated damage: geometry variation of the forming tools, process annealing, different materials. The use of damage models in finite element simulation can be regarded as a further step towards an optimal process design.     

4130X钢韧脆转变温度的测定

采用V型缺口试样，通过系列温度的冲击试验．以冲击吸收功、纤维断面率的变化对4130X钢的韧脆转变温度进行了测定。试验结果表明，4130X钢韧脆转变温度为-40℃。     

SCR技术半固态制浆及组织形成机理

采用单辊搅拌冷却技术(Shearing-Cooling-Rolling,简称SCR)制备A2017合金半固态浆料,对SCR工艺参数对半固态浆料组织的影响以及组织形成机理进行了研究.结果表明,熔体浇注温度和辊靴型腔高度对半固态浆料组织的影响显著,降低熔体浇注温度或减小辊靴型腔高度,半固态浆料组织从粗大的枝晶和菊花晶转变为细小的等轴晶或球形晶.组织形成机理分析表明,熔体首先在工作辊和靴子表面形核生长,在液流冲击及剪切搅拌的作用下晶核脱落游离进入残余液相区长大成菊花晶,在强烈剪切搅拌作用下,菊花晶断裂破碎最终形成非枝晶组织.     

Effects of symmetrically alternative rotating flow on flocculation

1　INTRODUCTIONTheflocculationisusuallydefinedasaprocessinwhichthedestabilizedsolidparticlesareaggregatedbythebridgingofpolymericflocculants .Theformationofflocsisdeterminedbytwosteps.Oneistheap proachingandcollision ,theotheristheflocgrowing .Thecollisionisachievedbythreemechanismsinclud ingtheBrownianmotionof particles ,namedasperikineticflocculation ;thedifferencesinsettlingve locityofparticleswithvarioussizes ,socalleddiffer entialsettlingandtheimposedfluidvelocitygradientsfrommixing …