现代港口与城市发展的关系——以江苏省镇江市为例

镇江是一座历史文化名城，素有“天下第一江山”之美誉，它的形成发展与其港口是密不可分的。本文从镇江港口空间形态、城市空间形态、港口与城市发展的关系为切入点，寻求港城空间发展对策。     

CFD and experimental investigation of the gas–liquid flow in the distributor of a compact heat exchanger

High performance of compact heat exchangers is conditioned by correct fluid distribution. This is especially true for gas–liquid heat exchangers where a uniform distribution is particularly delicate to obtain and where maldistribution entails significant performance deterioration. Several phenomena can lead to phase distribution problems: the fins may be subject to manufacturing defects or fouling, leading to shortcuts or dead zones. But the first source of maldistribution may be a poor distribution at the outlet of the entrance distributor. This distributor aims at mixing the phases and distributing them across the channels.     

Estimating using cost significant global cost models

Cost significant models have been suggested as one way of overcoming criticisms of the amount of detail contained within the traditional bill of quantities. Recent research into these models reveals a lack of formal rules for the selection of work packages to be used within the models, and a potential to overestimate the cost of projects. This paper presents a methodology for selecting work packages, and recommends a refinement to the technique that reduces the variability in estimates produced using cost significance. Estimates are produced using both the traditional method of producing cost significant models, and a refined global cost methodology. Both techniques are tested against unpriced bills to measure the difference in results, with significant improvements being achieved with the new technique.     

Re-engineering the tender code for construction works

The UK's NJCC Code of Procedure for Single Stage Selective Tendering (now withdrawn) and its successor, the CIB's Code of Practice for the Selection of Main Contractors are criticized in the light of decisions of the common law courts with regard to regulation of the tendering process. It is argued that a new ‘Tendering Code’ should be produced in the style and format of a contract document which reflects not only the statutory regulation imposed on public bodies, but common law decisions of the courts. The nature of this tendering contract is explained as a means of regulating the tendering process. Issues discussed are: dealing with errors and irregularities found in tenders; dealing with non-compliant tenders; dealing with tender withdrawal prior to its acceptance or rejection; making provisions as to time for submission of tenders and dealing with late tenders; making provision for submission of tender by fax or other electronic means; making provision for evaluation of tenders received; and imposing or negotiating reductions in price with tenderers prior to acceptance. The paper concludes that the common law obligations placed on the owner to treat all tenderers equally and fairly and to apply the tender conditions when evaluating tenders and awarding contracts seems to be good common sense and of commercial advantage, not only to the immediate parties concerned but also to the wider community.     

Forum The role of CIB: some reflections

An explanation for the low innovation activity in construction is put forward. The central argument is that the current theory of construction is one root cause for low innovation activity. Instead, an explicit and more powerful theory of construction is needed for further innovation, which is ‘to manage new ideas into good currency’. There are three main mechanisms in the current theory of construction which are identified as causing this hindrance. Firstly, production theories in general, as well as construction theories specifically, have been implicit. Therefore, it has not been possible to transfer radical managerial innovations, such as lean production, from manufacturing to construction at a theoretical level. Direct application of this production template to construction has been limited due to the different context of construction in comparison with manufacturing. Secondly, the current theoretical model of construction is based on the transformation model of production. It is argued that the principles of this model are counterproductive, because uncertainty and interdependence are abstracted away. This leads to fragmented and myopic management and inflated variability. Practical examples show that these deficiencies and related practical constraints hinder the implementation of top-down innovations. Thirdly, empirical research shows that also bottom-up innovations - systematic learning and problem solving - are being hindered by the current theory. Thus, the advancement of innovations in construction requires that a new, explicit and valid theory of construction is created, and business models and control methods are developed on the basis of that new theory. Cet article propose une explication concernant le taux bas de l'activité d'innovation dans la secteur du bâtiment. L'argument central étant que la théorie actuelle de la construction est une des raisons fondamentales de cette activité basse d'innover. Au lieu de cela, on a besoin d'une théorie de la construction explicite et plus efficace afin d'innover. Dans la théorie actuelle du bâtiment, il y a trois mécanismes fondamentaux qui sont identifiés comme causes gênant cette innovation. Premièrement, les théories de production en général, ainsi que les théories de la construction en particulier, ont été implicites. Ainsi, il était impossible de transférer des innovations gestionnaires radicales, comme la production allégée (lean production), à partir du domaine de la fabrication à celui du bâtiment à un niveau théorique. L'application directe de ce modèle de production au secteur bâtiment a été limitée à cause du contexte différent de celui-ci en comparaison de celui de la fabrication. Deuxièmement, le modèle théorique actuel de la construction bâtiment est basé sur le modèle de la transformation de production. On avance que les principes de ce modèle agissent négativement sur la productivité parce que l'incertitude et l'interdépendance en sont exclues. Ceci mène à une gestion fragmentée et myope ainsi qu'à une inflation de la variabilité. Des exemples pratiques montrent que ces déficiences et les contraintes pratiques qui leur sont liées, gênent les implémentations des innovations de haut en bas. Troisièmement, une étude empirique montre que les innovations de bas en haut - c'est-à-dire l'apprentissage systématique et la résolution de problèmes - sont gênés par la théorie actuelle. Ainsi, le progrès dan les innovations du secteur bâtiment exige qu'une nouvelle théorie explicite et valide soit créée, et que des modèles d'affaires et des méthodes de contrôle soient développés sur la base de cette nouvelle théorie.     

42例产妇宫颈水肿的治疗体会

目的观察利多卡因+阿托品对产妇分娩时宫颈水肿的治疗作用。方法回顾性分析2007年以来用利多卡因+阿托品治疗的42例产妇宫颈水肿的病例,并与同期发生宫颈水肿产前未经任何处理的产妇做对比。结果治疗组无一例需进行剖宫产,对照组有12例(40.0%)因滞产而行剖宫产,2组比较有统计学差异(P=0.00732,P<0.01)。治疗组宫口全开时间较对照组短(P=0.02183,P<0.05);治疗组产妇VAS疼痛评分更低(P=0.00465,P<0.01);治疗组分娩出血量更小(P=0.00687,P<0.01);治疗组新生儿无一例窒息,Apgar评分均在4分以上例数多于对照组例数(P=0.00891,P<0.01)。结论应用利多卡因+阿托品多点注射治疗宫颈水肿可取得良好疗效,帮助产程顺利进行,值得临床推广。     

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF THERMOELASTIC WAVE PROBLEMS BY THE METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS

This article is concerned with the numerical treatment of thermal and thermal stress waves in thermoelastic solids. To keep the numerical treatment general, the development of the formulation is based on the generalized theory of thermoelasticity. A number of thermoelastic wave problems, which involve one or two space variables, are treated, in a uniform manner, by a system of first-order partial differential equations with stress, velocity, heat flow, and temperature as dependent variables. This system of equations is analyzed by the method of characteristics, yielding the characteristics and the characteristic equations. Procedures of numerical integration along the characteristics are established and carried out for several generalized and classical thermoelastic wave problems in homogeneous materials, composite materials, nonhomogeneous materials, and nonlinear elastic solids.     

The elasticity of capital-labour substitution in Singapore construction

A central issue in improving construction productivity is the flexibility in which capital and labour may be substituted. Empirical estimation using Singapore data suggests that the hypothesis of a unitary elasticity of substitution cannot be rejected, thereby providing justification for policy measures to alter the relative prices of factor inputs to encourage mechanisation in construction. The finding is consistent with an earlier study on the American construction industry as well as numerous production function studies conducted for other industries.     

利用微机进行双自由度平面多杆机构的运动分析及轨迹显示

本文介绍了对双自由度平面多杆机构运动分析的电算程序设计。并实现了对机构中两个点的运动轨迹的屏幕显示。这种图、文结合的形式,不仅直观、形象,而且可以用图形来检验运动分析计算的结果,也可以利用改变机构尺寸来改变轨迹形状,从而满足工艺对轨迹的要求。     

一种基于整数平方量化阈值的小波图像编码算法

作为JPEG2000的重要组成部分,整数小波变换(IntegerWaveletTransform)和嵌入式零树编码(EmbeddedZerotreeWaveletCoding)有许多优越性,但是图象经整数小波变换(IWT)后各子带系数幅值的动态变化较小,因此其能量集中性较第一代小波变换差很多,不利于零树编码(EZW)。该文从零树编码的量化阈值入手,将传统零树编码中“2的整数次幂”量化阈值改为从1开始的整数平方量化阈值,通过缩短了各量化阈值间的距离,减少了重要系数集中出现在较低量化阈值的机会,增加了编码过程中零树的数量,从而充分利用了整数小波变换能量集中性较低的特点。实验证明,该算法通过整数平方量化阈值有效地将整数小波变换同零树编码结合起来,提高了编码效率。