浅议斜坡稳定性计算中水压力的作用

理论推导证明了静水压力模式与动水压力模式下地下水作用效果的差异,并且结合前人的研究成果,提出要取得合理的稳定性计算结果,两种水压力模式下所选用的强度参数应有所区分,对于静水压力模式,应取快剪或不排水剪指标;对于动水压力模式,则应取用慢剪或排水剪指标。最后采用一个具体的工程实例验证了结论的合理性。     

Effect of electricity tariff on the optimum insulation-thickness in building walls as determined by a dynamic heat-transfer model

Thermal insulation is one of the most effective energy-conservation measures in buildings. Despite the widespread use of insulation materials in recent years, little is known regarding their optimum thickness under dynamic thermal conditions. Insulated concrete blocks are among the units most commonly used in the construction of building walls in Saudi Arabia. Typically, the insulation layer thickness is fixed at a value in the range 2.5–7.5 cm, regardless of the climatic conditions, type and cost of insulation material, and other economic parameters. In the present study, a numerical model based on a finite-volume, time-dependent implicit procedure, which has been previously validated, is used to compute the yearly cooling and heating transmission loads under steady periodic conditions through a typical building wall, for different insulation thicknesses. The transmission loads, calculated by using the climatic conditions of Riyadh for a west-facing wall, are fed into an economic model in order to determine the optimum thickness of insulation (L_opt). The latter corresponds to the minimum total cost, which includes the cost of insulation material and its installation plus the present value of energy consumption cost over the lifetime of the building. The optimum insulation thickness depends on the electricity tariff as well as the cost of insulation material, lifetime of the building, inflation and discount rates, and coefficient of performance of the air-conditioning equipment. In the present study, the effect of electricity tariff on the computed optimum insulation thickness is investigated. Different average electricity tariffs are considered; namely, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 SR/kWh (designated as Cases 1–5, respectively; 1 US$ = 3.75 Saudi Riyals). Results using moulded polystyrene as an insulating material show that the values of L_opt are: 4.8, 7.2, 10.9, 13.7 and 16.0 cm for Cases 1–5. Under the conditions of optimal insulation thickness for each electricity tariff, Case 1 gives the lowest total cost of 17.4 SR/m², while Case 5 gives the highest total cost of 53.1 SR/m². Corresponding thermal performance characteristics in terms of yearly total and peak transmission loads, R-value, time lag and decrement factor are presented.     

Complex system reliability modelling with Dynamic Object Oriented Bayesian Networks (DOOBN)

Nowadays, the complex manufacturing processes have to be dynamically modelled and controlled to optimise the diagnosis and the maintenance policies. This article presents a methodology that will help developing Dynamic Object Oriented Bayesian Networks (DOOBNs) to formalise such complex dynamic models. The goal is to have a general reliability evaluation of a manufacturing process, from its implementation to its operating phase. The added value of this formalisation methodology consists in using the a priori knowledge of both the system's functioning and malfunctioning. Networks are built on principles of adaptability and integrate uncertainties on the relationships between causes and effects. Thus, the purpose is to evaluate, in terms of reliability, the impact of several decisions on the maintenance of the system. This methodology has been tested, in an industrial context, to model the reliability of a water (immersion) heater system.     

两种含水炸药动压下减敏作用的实验研究

用实验方法对两种含水炸药—水胶炸药和珍珠岩敏化的乳化炸药动压下的减敏作用进行了研究。为了更全面深入地研究这问题,提出了临界压死距离和临界距离两个概念。研究表明,含水炸药的减敏作用与药包间距和延期时差关系很大。水胶炸药的临界压死距离大于乳化炸药,而它们的临界距离相当,这表明两种炸药发生减敏的难易程度相近,但是乳化炸药的抗压死能力比水胶炸药大。采用5段延期电雷管引爆时两种含水炸药的减敏作用比采用2段延期电雷管引爆严重些。     

Cost effectiveness of decentralized energy supply systems taking solar and wind utilization plants into account

In this article, results are presented of annual simulations of a decentralized (regional) plant for the power and heat supply of a residential complex. This complex consists of four houses with 40 flats all in all. The annual power consumption of the complex is 157 MWh and the heat requirement is 325 MWh. The concrete dynamics of the energy demands over the year is taken into consideration. The energy supply system is composed of a power-controlled combined heat and power (CHP) plant (55 kW), a photovoltaic plant (PV array or PV plant) array for power generation as well as a field of solar thermal collectors with a short-term accumulator for water heating and a long-term accumulator for supplying heat for domestic heating purposes. Simulation results demonstrate that synergetic effects result from the combination of a CHP plant with wind power and PV plants of varying sizes, which have an effect on the cost effectiveness of the plant as a whole with the different dynamics of energy sources (wind and solar energies) and of the consumption of power and heat being the decisive factors. The power deficits of wind power and PV plants are compensated through the application of a natural gas-operated CHP plant. In almost all variants, the demand for fossil energy carriers is distinctly less than in conventional energy supply plants.     

叠前深度偏移中的旅行时并行计算技术

旅行时计算技术是基于波动方程叠前深度偏移方法的核心内容，射线跟踪的数值计算精度和效率直接影响着介质成像质量和实用化。基于三维射线跟踪的微变网络方法和波前重建思路，提出一种适用于三维复杂介质地震波走时的快速算法。但它所需计算量巨大。采用并行计算技术，设计出基于“任务缓冲池”的动态负载平衡策略，在现有的分布式计算机上，实现了三维射线追踪和叠前深度偏移的并行计算。     

新型动态汽车衡称重系统的设计与实现

针对目前现有动态汽车衡称重误差大等问题，提出了一种新型动态汽车衡称重系统的实现方法，该称重系统在基于Intel x86硬件平台和linux操作系统的基础上设计实现的。同时分析了产生称重误差的根本原因。采用了数字信号处理手段来提高动态汽车衡的称重精度。现场测试数据分析表明，该新型动态汽车衡称重系统技术指标优于国家动态衡标准。     

A branch-and-price algorithm to solve the molten iron allocation problem in iron and steel industry

The molten iron allocation problem (MIAP) is to allocate molten iron from blast furnaces to steel-making furnaces. The allocation needs to observe the release times of the molten iron defined by the draining plan of the blast furnaces and the transport time between the iron-making and steel-making stages. Time window constraints for processing the molten iron must be satisfied to avoid freezing. The objective is to find a schedule with minimum total weighted completion time. This objective reflects the practical consideration of improving steel-making efficiency and reducing operation cost caused by the need for reheating. Such a problem can be viewed as a parallel machine scheduling problem with time windows which is known to be NP-hard. In this paper, we first formulate the molten iron allocation problem as an integer programming model and then reformulate it as a set partitioning model by applying the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition. We solve the problem using a column generation-based branch-and-price algorithm. Since the subproblem of column generation is still NP-hard, we propose a state-space relaxation-based dynamic programming algorithm for the subproblem. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable of solving problems with up to 100 jobs to optimality within a reasonable computation time.     

PV module dynamic impedance and its voltage and frequency dependencies

The paper presents a derivation of the dynamic impedance of a PV module. At each bias voltage, the general form of the impedance describes a semicircular locus in the complex impedance plane. Intercepts of each impedance locus yield series, shunt and dynamic resistance of a module. Determinations of the dynamic impedance of a x-Si PV module in the dark with five reverse bias voltages and over a frequency range of 1 Hz to 60 kHz are made. The experimental results validate the derived general form of dynamic impedance.     

Modeling the effect of pigment morphology on the dynamic compression of coating layers using DEM

In the present paper, discrete element method (DEM) was employed to investigate the effect of pigment morphology on packing dynamics and compressive behavior of paper coating layers in calendering process. Spherical, platy, and needle-like particles, representing GCC, delaminated clay, and aragonite PCC pigments, were considered in this study. For each particle shape, the compression of coating structures formed by mono-sized and poly-dispersed pigments were modeled. Stress–strain behavior of the coating layers and in-plane and out-of-plane movements of the pigment particles during the compression were computed under the same maximum compressive stress. Simulation results revealed that the in-plane movements of the pigment particles during compression in the calender nip were small in magnitude (<0.35 μm). These findings help to better understand the smoothening phenomena of coating structures during the calendering process.