Evaluation of the onset of green-up in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data

Vegetation phenology is the chronology of periodic phases of development. It constitutes an efficient bio-indicator of impacts of climate changes and a key parameter for understanding and modelling vegetation-climate interactions and their implications on carbon cycling. Numerous studies were devoted to the remote sensing of vegetation phenology. Most of these were carried out using data acquired by AVHRR instrument onboard NOAA meteorological satellites. Since 1999, multispectral images were acquired over the whole earth surface every one to two days by MODIS instrument onboard Terra and Aqua platforms. In comparison with AVHRR, MODIS constitutes a significant technical improvement in terms of spatial resolution, spectral resolution, geolocation accuracy, atmospheric corrections scheme and cloud screening and sensor calibration. In this study, 250 m daily MODIS data were used to derive precise vegetation phenological dates over deciduous forest stands. Phenological markers derived from MODIS time-series and provided by MODIS Global Land Cover Dynamics product (MOD12Q2) were compared to field measurements carried out over the main deciduous forest stands across France and over five years. We show that the inflexion point of the asymmetric double-sigmoid function fitted to NDVI temporal profile is a good marker of the onset of green-up in deciduous stands. At plot level, the prediction uncertainty is 8.5 days and the bias is 3.5 days. MODIS Global Land Cover Dynamics MOD12Q2 provides estimates of onset of green-up dates which deviate substantially from in situ observations and do not perform better than the null model. RMSE values are 20.5 days (bias -17 days) using the onset of greenness increase and 36.5 days (bias 34.5 days) using the onset of greenness maximum. An improvement of prediction quality is obtained if we consider the average of MOD12Q2 onset of greenness increase and maximum as marker of onset of green-up date. RMSE decreases to 16.5 days and bias to 7.5 days.     

Detection rates of the MODIS active fire product in the United States

MODIS active fire data offer new information about global fire patterns. However, uncertainties in detection rates can render satellite-derived fire statistics difficult to interpret. We evaluated the MODIS 1 km daily active fire product to quantify detection rates for both Terra and Aqua MODIS sensors, examined how cloud cover and fire size affected detection rates, and estimated how detection rates varied across the United States. MODIS active fire detections were compared to 361 reference fires (≥ 18 ha) that had been delineated using pre- and post-fire Landsat imagery. Reference fires were considered detected if at least one MODIS active fire pixel occurred within 1 km of the edge of the fire. When active fire data from both Aqua and Terra were combined, 82% of all reference fires were found, but detection rates were less for Aqua and Terra individually (73% and 66% respectively). Fires not detected generally had more cloudy days, but not when the Aqua data were considered exclusively. MODIS detection rates decreased with fire size, and the size at which 50% of all fires were detected was 105 ha when combining Aqua and Terra (195 ha for Aqua and 334 ha for Terra alone). Across the United States, detection rates were greatest in the West, lower in the Great Plains, and lowest in the East. The MODIS active fire product captures large fires in the U.S. well, but may under-represent fires in areas with frequent cloud cover or rapidly burning, small, and low-intensity fires. We recommend that users of the MODIS active fire data perform individual validations to ensure that all relevant fires are included.     

On the optical, structural, and morphological properties of ZrO2 and TiO2 dip-coated thin films supported on glass substrates

This article reports the optical and morphological properties of dip-coated TiO₂ and ZrO₂ thin films on soda-lime glass substrates by metal-organic decomposition (MOD) of titanium^IV and zirconium^IV acetylacetonates respectively. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (DTA–TG) were performed on the precursor powders, indicating pure TiO₂ anatase and tetragonal ZrO₂ phase formation. Phase crystallization processes took place in the range of 300–500 °C for anatase and of 410–500 °C for ZrO₂. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to confirm precursor bidentate ligand formation with keno-enolic equilibrium character. Deposited films were heated at different temperatures, and their structural, optical and morphological properties were studied by grazing-incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) respectively. Film thinning and crystalline phase formation were enhanced with increasing temperature upon chelate decomposition. The optimum annealing temperature for both pure anatase TiO₂ and tetragonal ZrO₂ thin films was found to be 500 °C since solid volume fraction increased with temperature and film refractive index values approached those of pure anatase and tetragonal zirconia. Conditions for clean stoichiometric film formation with an average roughness value of 2 nm are discussed in terms of material binding energies indicated by XPS analyses, refractive index and solid volume fraction obtained indirectly by UV-Vis spectra, and crystalline peak identification provided by GIXRD.     

按需建模在信息系统综合集成中的应用

在信息系统综合集成模拟环境中,针对模型集成管理与模型服务机制问题,提出按需建模（MOD）思想。对MOD进行分析和设计,采用自上而下的研究方式,建立基于MOD的信息系统综合集成模型。首先在分析企业信息流的基础上,按信息流把企业的各职能域的主要功能串起来建立基本功能集;然后按基本功能集进行子系统或子模块的分解;最后按信息流对子系统或子模块进行协调。     

秦山核电厂主蒸汽管道破裂事故的RELAP5／MOD2分析

通过使用RELAP5/MOD2程序对秦山核电厂主蒸汽管道破裂事故的计算,对该程序的临界流模型和传热模型进行分析,并与其它大型热工水力分析程序的计算结果及实验结果进行比较。在计算过程中,对RELAP5/MOD2程序汽水分离器模型的使用进行修正,使之符合核电厂安全评审计算的要求。     

广东省水稻生物质能的估算

利用MODIS传感器的MOD17A3数据,通过处理获取了广东省的NPP(植被净初级生产力)分布图;同时,根据Landsat获取的广东省土地利用类型图,提取出广东省水稻的空间分布图。将两者叠加并进行相关运算和分析,得到全省水稻生物量的分布图及其统计数据。同时,进行野外测量并参考已有的研究成果,取稻草和稻秆产量与水稻产量的重量比为0.623,获得水稻总的农作物残余。除去还田、造纸及用做牲畜饲料的那部分,仍有三成左右的可用生物量。研究表明:珠江三角洲经济发展迅猛的城市,水稻生物质能的占有量较少;而在一些边远山区,水稻生物质能占的比重明显偏大。本文通过定量化的研究,为以后广东省水稻生物质能的开发提供了有价值的参考信息。     

基于密度锁的非能动余热排出系统设计及验证分析

提出了一种新型非能动余热排出系统设计方案,该方案以密度锁技术作为基础,采用改变压力调节回路流量,并保持循环回路内有高温工质流动的方式,建立密度锁内水力平衡关系,维持主回路和余热排出回路的隔离。以AP1000主冷却剂系统为载体,用RELAP5/MOD32程序分析了正常工况下,非能动余热排出系统的运行特性。结果表明：以密度锁内流体温度作为控制变量对调压泵转速进行调节,可逐渐建立密度锁内水力平衡关系,实现非能动余热排出系统的启动;稳态运行期间,反应堆运行参数改变时,在控制系统反馈作用下,密度锁仍能维持“封闭”状态,保证主回路和余热排出回路隔离。     

基于农户的区域食物安全冲击影响模拟模型构建及应用分析

当前,在农产品生产与市场风险日趋加大的情况下,通过定量化评估各种冲击对一个国家或区域食物安全和居民生活等的影响,对有效开展食物援助干预、经济评价和政策分析等具有重要意义。本文系统论述了基于农户的区域食物安全冲击影响模拟模型构建的概念框架,介绍了联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界粮食计划署(WFP)联合开发的冲击影响模拟模型系统(SIS_MOD)的主要特点与操作步骤,并对将来我国区域食物安全冲击影响模拟模型的改造与创新方向提出了具体建议。     

MOD法在La0.47Sr0.53TiO3/LaAlO3上沉积YBa2Cu3O7-σ超导层的研究

实验通过无氟的金属有机物液相沉积法在单晶LaAlO3(LAO)基底上生长La1-xSrxTiO3缓冲层,之后在其上生长YBa2Cu3O7-σ(YBCO)超导层,这种制备方法与真空沉积法和三氟乙酸金属有机物沉积法相比,具有成本低、效率高和环境友好等优点,对YBCO涂层导体的实际应用更具有研究价值.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,在LAO基底上生成了纯净的La1-xSrxTiO3膜,在La1-xSrxTiO3/LAO结构上生成了单相的YBCO膜,构成两种膜的晶粒均具有沿垂直于基底表面的c轴方向择优生长;通过半定量的能谱分析(EDS)确定缓冲层La1-xSrxTiO3为La0.47Sr0.53TiO3相,表明部分La元素挥发;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明在LAO基底上生成的La0.47Sr0.53TiO3膜平整光滑;在La0.47Sr0.53TiO3/LAO结构上生长的YBCO成膜颗粒聚集成片状,相互叠加生长,形成平行于基底表面的超导层.     

Raman,X-ray and electrical properties of MOD PZT/PLZT thin films

Abstract

Ferroelectric PZT/PLZT thin films have been fabricated using the metallo-organic precursor compounds. The structural development, spectroscopic and dielectric properties of these films have been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and dielectric measurements. Experimental results show that Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool of monitoring the structural development of the small sized PZT films in the tetragonal phase field. Dielectric characteristics have been improved by the rapid thermal processing approach. A rosette growth model is proposed to explain the observation of the tri-intersection of the perovskite phase in PZT films.