由《论语》看孔子的教育对象观

孔子把所有的教育对象分为必教与不必教两大类.不必教者则不教之,必教者又视其先天素质不同而分为能教者与不能教者;不能教者亦不教之,能教者又视其后天条件而分为可教者和不可教者;不可教者则不教之,可教者则视其内部差异性而因材施教.由于一些原因,现实中有关孔子的教育对象观较之原貌已发生了一定的变异.我们应在孔子教育对象观的指导下审慎地指导自己的教育活动.     

Farmer's view on soil organic matter depletion and its management in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is an agricultural country. About 80% of the total population live in rural areas. The contribution of agriculture to the gross domestic product is 30%. Rice is the major food crop while jute, sugarcane and tea are the main cash crops. Other important crops are wheat, tobacco, pulses, vegetables and fruits. Overall productivity in Bangladesh is stagnating or declining. The implication of yield stagnation or declining productivity is severe, since these trends have occurred despite rapid growth in the use of chemical fertilisers. Depletion of soil organic matter is the main cause of low productivity, which is considered one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of agriculture in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, most soils have less than 17 g/kg and some soils have less than 10 g/kg organic matter. Farmers realise that there is a problem with soil fertility related to organic matter depletion. Farmers say that organic matter increases yield, reduces the production cost, improves crop growth and the economy, increases water-holding capacity and improves the soil structure. They recognise soil with higher organic matter content by darker brownish to black in colour. Some farmers are using fast-growing trees such as Flemingia macrophyla, Ipilipil (Leucaen leucophala), Glyricidia sepium, Boga Medula (Tephrosia candida), Dhol Kolmi (Ipomoea fistulosa), etc., as living fences, which can be used as fuel, fertiliser and fodder. To increase the soil organic matter, farmers use green manure crops, compost, quick compost, cow dung, azolla, etc. However, fuel for cooking purposes is limited and cow dung and crop residues are largely used as fuel. Crop residues are also used as fodder for livestock. Farmers expressed the wish to learn more about organic fertilizer management. However, sufficient food should be produced to keep pace with population growth. To alleviate the hunger and poverty is to increase the intensity of agricultural production and maintain favorable ecological conditions. Therefore, more organic matter should be used in the farmers' fields to sustain the soil fertility in an intensive farming system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

适应市场经济要求,转变人才观念

在社会主义市场经济条件下,人才问题显得十分重要,人才可以决定一个企业乃至一个国家的兴衰,转变人才观念,科学地掌握人才标准,大胆探索,不拘一格,选拔德才兼备人才,投入到社会主义经济建设之中,是人事管理工作者的一个重要课题。     

How chronic self-views influence (and mislead) self-assessments of task performance: Self-views shape bottom-up experiences with the task.

Self-assessments of task performance can draw on both top-down sources of information (preconceived notions about one’s ability at the task) and bottom-up cues (one’s concrete experience with the task itself). Past research has suggested that top-down self-views can mislead performance evaluations but has yet to specify the exact psychological mechanisms that produce this influence. Across 4 experiments, the authors tested the hypothesis that self-views influence performance evaluations by first shaping perceptions of bottom-up experiences with the task, which in turn inform performance evaluations. Consistent with this hypothesis, a relevant top-down belief influenced performance estimates only when learned of before, but not after, completing a task (Study 1), and measures of bottom-up experience were found to mediate the link between top-down beliefs about one’s abilities and performance evaluations (Studies 2–4). Furthermore, perception of an objectively definable bottom-up cue (i.e., time it takes to solve a problem) was better predicted by a relevant self-view than the actual passage of time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

制盐工业产品化合物计算新思路

本文提出了在盐、卤水、强化营养盐、低钠盐、氯化钾中化合物计算的一种简捷通用方法;更重要的一种化合物计算的新思路;同时也为计算机计算化合物提供计算理论基础。     

Dissociation and the question of history: "What, precisely, are the facts?"

In the wake of interest in the issue of the knowability of history and the rise of clinical and theoretical interest in dissociation, contemporary psychoanalysis continues to struggle with the basic question of what exactly constitutes a "fact" in the psychoanalytic process. This article considers this difficulty in light of the interpenetration of these two issues--dissociation and the question of history. A brief review of the prevailing alternative viewpoints on dissociation reveals how the question of history--the traditional controversy between narrativist and positivist views--re-emerges from it. This is further born out through a rereading of S. Freud's (1918/1955) most famous case of clinical dissociation, the "Wolf-Man" case, in which, as R. May (1990) showed in his critical analysis, the knowability of history emerged as the central problem. An alternative epistemological point of view on the problem of history is then presented that sheds light on the nature of a "fact" in psychoanalysis. This view enables a relational research paradigm for the empirical investigation of the psychoanalytic process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maintaining materialized views without accessing base data

Access to a database through a user view can be serviced quickly when the view is materialized, i.e. the transformed data is explicitly stored. In the presence of database updates, however, the materialized view can become costly to maintain; often it must be completely rederived from the base data using the view definition. Under some conditions the view can be updated directly given only the view definition, the current contents of the materialized view, and the update operation (still expressed against the base data), without accessing the base data itself. In this paper, we consider relational views defined by projection, selection, and join. We present necessary and sufficient conditions on the view definition, contents, and update operations for insertions and deletions to be reflected in the view without reference to base data. Because the possibility of such view-based updating is dependent on the current contents of view, we call the update conditionally autonomously computable.     

地理信息系统在塔北油气勘探和评价中的应用

阐述了利用地理信息系统(GIS)建立塔北综合地学信息系统的技术方法。利用GIS,分别建立了地理信息属性库和图库,并通过用户程序将二者联系起来,实现了塔北综合地学信息与数据库的统一。该系统可支持各类绘图设备、数字化仪及扫描仪,为生产提供了极大的方便。工作站系统与微机系统的局域网络,大大推动了各项工作的顺利进行,已成为生产和科研中不可缺少的工具。     

QUIOS的事件、进程和推理算法

本文讨论开放型物理系统的定性推理方法．文中阐释QUIOS机制下事件和进程的关系及两种视图的表达方式，用实例说明定性推理方法，并给出QUIOS的推理算法．     

Fancher on Gould, Goddard, and historical interpretation: A reply.

Contends that R. E. Fancher's (see record 1988-31600-001) evidence concerning intentions behind retouching of photographs of the Kallikaks in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of mental retardation and heredity fall far short of challenging S. J. Gould's (1981) findings on the same topic. Further, Fancher's citation may misrepresent J. D. Smith's (1985) work on Goddard. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)