Mechanical Response of Novel 3D Woven Flax Composites with Variation in Z Yarn Binding

ABSTRACT

This paper is focused on the development of novel 3D woven flax composites for improved mechanical performance. The 3D woven interlock fabrics were produced on dobby loom using novel weaving patterns, with variation in binding point density (four different levels). These fabric structures were then used to fabricate composites with green epoxy resin as a matrix. Tensile, flexural, short beam shear, impact (pendulum and drop weight) and compression after impact properties were characterized. It was found that 3D woven composites having higher binding point density showed overall improved mechanical behavior, i.e. the out-of-plane properties were enhanced whereas in-plane properties are either reduced or unaffected.     

原子和分子结构对电子阻止本领Se(E)的Z振荡的影响

本文在Firsov理论基础上,引入Slater波函数等概念,解释了原子结构对Se(E)的Z振荡的影响。它不仅能解释常规能量范围内(101000keV)的轻元素靶和重元素靶的Z振荡行为,而且能解释更高的能量范围内(10100MeV)Z振荡行为。本文引用了分子轨道法理论来处理分子靶问题,导出了分子结构对Se(E)的Z振荡影响的方程式,使能处理相当宽的能量范围内的分子靶的Se(E)的Z振荡问题。应用本文方法所得结果与Z1C和Li+Z2靶的Z1(或Z2)振荡的实验结果进行了比较,同时还与在较高能量范围的S+Na和F+Ag系统的实验结果作了比较,都得到了满意的结果,说明本文提出的方法是令人满意的。     

ORBIT-3300Z催化剂的工业应用

介绍ORBIT-3300Z催化剂在湛江东兴炼油厂催化裂化装置上的试验及结果。结果表明,ORBIT-3300Z催化剂具有重油转化能力强,产品选择性好,抗金属能力显著等特点,完全能满足生产要求。     

高粘度酸液在人工裂缝中流态规律研究

随着油气田勘探开发应用技术的不断深入,高粘度酸液越来越多地应用到不同类型的复杂致密油气藏的储层改造中。高粘度酸液可以降低滤失量、减缓反应速率,实现酸液的深度穿透。研究高粘度酸液在人工裂缝中的流动状态对模拟其滤失和酸岩反应过程具有重要意义。运用幂律流体的雷诺数分析法和稳定性Z值法,对高粘度酸液在地层裂缝中的流动状态进行了研究。分析发现影响高粘度酸液流态的主要因素有酸液排量、裂缝高度、裂缝宽度、酸液稠度系数、流态指数。其中酸液的稠度系数为主控因素。当稠度系数小于0.015Pa.sn时,常规施工中的地层酸液为紊流状态。因此普通酸酸化时的地层酸液为紊流状态,而常规酸压中高粘度的稠化酸和交联酸在地层中一般为线性层流状态。研究认为增加排量对酸液的流态影响不大。     

Kinetics of Photo-isomerization and Photo-degradation of 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzophenone (E)- and (Z)-Oximes

The kinetics of photo-isomerization and photo-degradation of 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzophenone (E)- and (Z)-oximes in ethanol, octane, toluene and a mixture of octane and toluene under exposure to UV light was studied. The products of the photo-isomerization/photo-degradation of both oximes are similar but the conversion rate and amount of photo-degradation products of 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzophenone (Z)-oxime are much higher. Also the photo-degradation of the (Z)-isomer is quicker than its photo-isomerization to the (E)-isomer. The photo-isomerization and photo-degradation kinetic models were developed for both oximes. The formulated kinetic model contains 12 reaction rate constants which have been estimated from experimental data. Good agreement was found between experimental and predicted data. © 1997 SCI.     

Linkage Configurations at the Cyclic Maleic Anhydride Units and Sequence Distribution in Copolymers of p-Chlorostyrene with Maleic Anhydride

Semi-alternating copolymers were formed in the radical copolymerization of p-chlorostyrene (p-ClSt) with maleic anhydride (Man) in CCl₄ solutions at 50°C. The triad distributions in the copolymers and the ratio of the amounts of entgegen (E) and zusammen (Z) linkage configurations at the cyclic Man units in the copolymers were determined by using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The equilibrium constant of the electron donor–acceptor complexation of p-ClSt and Man in CCl₄ solution was determined to be 0·32±0·03M ^-1 at 23°C. A non-linear least-square regression of the triad distribution data showed that the copolymerization models which involved complex participation were preferable, although not conclusively, to the penultimate unit model. As much as 40% of the linkages at the Man units in the semi-alternating copolymers were found to be in the Z configuration, strongly indicating a participation of the donor–acceptor complex formed between p-ClSt and Man. © of SCI.     

The Autophagy Pathway: A Critical Route in the Disposal of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Aggregates That Holds Many Mysteries

The maintenance of proteome homeostasis, or proteostasis, is crucial for preserving cellular functions and for cellular adaptation to environmental challenges and changes in physiological conditions. The capacity of cells to maintain proteostasis requires precise control and coordination of protein synthesis, folding, conformational maintenance, and clearance. Thus, protein degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) or the autophagy–lysosomal system plays an essential role in cellular functions. However, failure of the UPS or the autophagic process can lead to the development of various diseases (aging-associated diseases, cancer), thus both these pathways have become attractive targets in the treatment of protein conformational diseases, such as alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). The Z alpha 1-antitrypsin (Z-AAT) misfolded variant of the serine protease alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) is caused by a structural change that predisposes it to protein aggregation and dramatic accumulation in the form of inclusion bodies within liver hepatocytes. This can lead to clinically significant liver disease requiring liver transplantation in childhood or adulthood. Treatment of mice with autophagy enhancers was found to reduce hepatic Z-AAT aggregate levels and protect them from AATD hepatotoxicity. To date, liver transplantation is the only curative therapeutic option for patients with AATD-mediated liver disease. Therefore, the development and discovery of new therapeutic approaches to delay or overcome disease progression is a top priority. Herein, we review AATD-mediated liver disease and the overall process of autophagy. We highlight the role of this system in the regulation of Z-variant degradation and its implication in AATD-medicated liver disease, including some open questions that remain challenges in the field and require further elucidation. Finally, we discuss how manipulation of autophagy could provide multiple routes of therapeutic benefit in AATD-mediated liver disease.     

Recombinant Spider Silk as Mediator for One‐Step,Chemical‐Free Surface Biofunctionalization

A unique strategy for effective, versatile, and facile surface biofunctionalization employing a recombinant spider silk protein genetically functionalized with the antibody‐binding Z domain (Z‐4RepCT) is reported. It is demonstrated that Z‐silk can be applied to a variety of materials and platform designs as a truly one‐step and chemical‐free surface modification that site specifically captures antibodies while simultaneously reducing nonspecific adsorption. As a model surface, SiO₂ is used to optimize and characterize Z‐silk performance compared to the Z domain immobilized by a standard silanization method. First, Z‐silk adsorption is investigated and verified its biofunctionality in a long‐term stability experiment. To assess the binding capacity and protein–protein interaction stability of Z‐silk, the coating is used to capture human antibodies in various assay formats. An eightfold higher binding capacity and 40‐fold lower detection limit are obtained in the immunofluorescence assay, and the complex stability of captured antibodies is shown to be improved by a factor of 20. Applicability of Z‐silk to functionalize microfluidic devices is demonstrated by antibody detection in an electrokinetic microcapillary biosensor. To test Z‐silk for biomarker applications, real‐time detection and quantification of human immunoglobulin G are performed in a plasma sample and C1q capture from human serum using an anti‐C1q antibody.     

Substrate Specificity and Structural Modeling of Human Carboxypeptidase Z: A Unique Protease with a Frizzled-Like Domain

Metallocarboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) is a secreted enzyme that is distinguished from all other members of the M14 metallocarboxypeptidase family by the presence of an N-terminal cysteine-rich Frizzled-like (Fz) domain that binds Wnt proteins. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the enzymatic properties and substrate specificity of human CPZ. To investigate the enzymatic properties, we employed dansylated peptide substrates. For substrate specificity profiling, we generated two different large peptide libraries and employed isotopic labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry to study the substrate preference of this enzyme. Our findings revealed that CPZ has a strict requirement for substrates with C-terminal Arg or Lys at the P1′ position. For the P1 position, CPZ was found to display specificity towards substrates with basic, small hydrophobic, or polar uncharged side chains. Deletion of the Fz domain did not affect CPZ activity as a carboxypeptidase. Finally, we modeled the structure of the Fz and catalytic domains of CPZ. Taken together, these studies provide the molecular elucidation of substrate recognition and specificity of the CPZ catalytic domain, as well as important insights into how the Fz domain binds Wnt proteins to modulate their functions.