Tannins/melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resins substitution of chrome in leather and its characterization by thermomechanical analysis

A new sulfonated melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin of relatively low melamine content, prepared according to a sequential formulation, has been shown to be highly effective when coupled with different natural vegetable tannins to produce leather with the same good characteristics of leather prepared with chrome salts. In particular, the antishrinkage effectiveness of the leather prepared according to the new approach is comparable to that obtained with chrome tanned leathers. The comparison of the traditional leather shrinkage temperatures test method with a new thermomechanical analysis (TMA) test method in tension yields thermograms presenting three major modulus of elasticity (MOE) peaks. These are closely connected to molecular level phenomena determining the shrinkage temperature of leather. The three determining parameters appear to be as follows: (1) The average value of the temperatures at which the three MOE peaks occur: the higher the value of this average, the lower is the shrinkage of leather. (2) The average of maximum MOE values of the TMA peaks: the higher this average is, the better is the leather in regard to antishrinkage effectiveness. This means the leather maximum MOE at each peak is a measure of the resistance to the contraction force induced by heat. (3) The relative intensity of the first TMA peak in relation to the second: the higher the value of the MOE for the first TMA peak is in relation to the second peak, the lower the leather shrinkage appears to be. However, it has not been possible to better define or quantify this latter effect. This new TMA test method in tension has also yielded a mathematical relationship correlating the thermogram peak temperatures and MOE averages with the traditional shrinkage temperature to a high degree of confidence. A previous TMA test method, in compression, has proven to yield more problematic and finally not very reliable results when one needs to apply it to a wide variety of different cases. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1889–1903, 2003     

铁元素对ZL108合金铸造性能的影响

研究了铁、锰对ZL108活塞合金铸造性能的影响。试验表明,在磷变质ZL108合金中,随着铁含量的增加,其流动性降低,体收缩、线收缩也减少。在高铁ZL108合金中加入锰后,可提高流动性,因为锰能够抑制针状β铁相的有害影响。     

基于小波包和包络分析的滚动轴承故障自动诊断方法

提出了一种基于峭度-小波包-包络分析的滚动轴承故障自动诊断方法。首先用峭度系数判断是否出现故障,再针对故障轴承振动信号非平稳和调幅的特点,用小波包将信号分解到不同的节点上。然后将不同节点的重构信号做包络谱分析,将谱峰处的频率同滚动轴承内圈、外圈、滚珠、保持架等的故障频率进行对比分析,在此基础上,运用最小距离判别法则自动获得故障原因,从而实现滚动轴承故障的自动诊断。通过对实验中采集到的轴承振动信号进行分析,证明了该方法在轴承早期故障诊断中的有效性。     

估计小波系数方差邻域大小的研究

利用小波变换去噪时小波系数方差的估计对去噪结果影响很大。自然图像小波分解后得到的系数在不同的分辨率中差异很大,所以利用邻域估计中心点方差时,不同分辨率应有不同大小的邻域。首先对在邻域中利用极大似然准则估计中心点方差进行分析,再结合自然图像小波分解后的系数在不同分辨率子带中,根据平稳性和重要性选择邻域的大小。最后进行去噪实验,并取得正交小波分解下理想的去噪性能。     

一种新的图像水印方案

目标区域是图像中视觉上最重要的部分。针对现有的水印算法很少考虑图像中确定的目标区域这一问题，提出了一种基于目标区域的水印方案(WIOR)。方案首先利用小波变换分析图像的目标特征，并依据图像的小波高频系数特征对其进行聚类，获得水印的嵌入域，在此嵌入域中，选择小波系数并对其进行量化调制来嵌入二值扩谱水印；同时，通过只在图像的局部区域内嵌入较少的水印信息来改善水印的隐蔽性。实验结果表明，该方案对于一类具有突出目标特征的图像具有较好的效果。嵌入的水印主要优势在于真正把水印嵌入图像的视觉重要部分，从而能有效地抵御剪切攻击，而且可以实现盲检测。     

粘接结构超声信号的小波分解与特征提取

粘接结构因其独特的物理、机械和声学特性在诸多领域具有非常广泛的应用，对于铝合金-橡胶这样一种金属-非金属粘接结构的超声检测信号，本文利用了小波变换的多分辨率分析(时频分析)的方法，有效地提取出了反映多层材料粘接状况的信号特征，该特征提取方法可用在粘接结构的无损检测中。     

基于小波除噪和神经网络理论的气固循环流化床颗粒浓度预测

提出了一种将混沌的相空间重构、小波包分析和神经网络相结合的新方法用于预测气-固循环流化床的颗粒浓度。首先利用小波包进行数据的消噪,然后用混沌方法重构相空间吸引子,用径向基神经网络拟合吸引子上的全局整体映射,构成混合预测模型。实验结果表明,将此混合模型用于预测气-固循环流化床的颗粒浓度,能达到较好的预测效果,预测精度比奇异值分解和傅里叶变换除噪高。     

时移地震非一致性影响研究与互均衡效果验证

用地震子波对时移地震非一致性造成影响进行了模拟。将影响因素概括为4种形式，即时移、相位变化、振幅量级不一致，频宽不一致。采用互均衡技术对以上4种情况进行校正，达到了理想的效果。为实际资料的处理和方法研究奠定了理论基础。     

ROI-based Watermarking Scheme for JPEG 2000

A new region of interest (ROI)-based watermarking method for JPEG 2000 is presented. The watermark is embedded into the host image based on the characteristics of the ROI to protect rights to the images. This scheme integrates the watermarking process with JPEG 2000 compression procedures. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed watermark technique successfully survives JPEG 2000 compression, progressive transmission, and principal attacks.     

一种基于循环小波累积量的谐波恢复方法

循环统计量是乘性和加性噪声中谐波恢复问题的主要分析工具之一。本文在其基础上提出了一种新的理论与方法——基于循环小波累积量的谐波恢复方法。首先,提出了循环小波累积量的定义。然后,建立了基于一阶、二阶、三阶循环小波累积量的谐波分量的频率和相位的估计方法。在此基础上,采用了一种可调参数的小波,通过调节其参数来改善传统方法中频率分辨率低的缺陷。最后给出了模拟实验结果。