一种基于多播分发树的无线传感器网络代码分发协议

代码分发协议是无线传感器网络（WSNs）在实地部署之后进行软件更新的关键技术。针对现有代码分发协议对特定目标节点分发时需要传输冗余代码镜像的问题,提出了一种基于多播分发树的代码分发（MTCD）协议。MTCD协议通过建立基站节点到目标节点的分发树路径来降低网络中参与代码分发节点的个数,从而降低数据冗余传输和网络能量消耗。TOSSIM仿真结果表明：与TinyOS的标准代码分发协议Deluge相比,MTCD协议在分发时间和数据包传输方面都有更优的性能。     

生漆的品质及其检验技术

生漆是一种天然涂料,其品质与产地、漆树品种、立地条件、采割时间、采割技术和贮存时间等有关。一般生漆中约含有漆酚40~80%,树胶质和含氮物6~14%,水分14~40%。生漆中各组成成分的变化,造成了生漆品质的差异。生漆检验主要依据其表观特征以及各组分的含量差异,通过看漆质、闻气味、煎分数、试燥性、测含量判定品质之优劣。一般而言,生漆乳液分层愈明显,转色愈快,漆酚含量愈高,生漆品质愈佳。掺有异物的生漆具异象,漆酚含量通常较低。     

旅行商问题中巡回路径的数据结构

旅行商问题中巡回路径的数据结构对局部启发式算法的效率起着非常关键的作用。巡回路径的数据结构必须能够查询一条回路中每个城市的相对顺序,并且能够将一条回路中的部分城市逆序。分析了数组表示法、伸展树表示法和两级树表示法表示巡回路径时各种基本操作的实现过程及时间复杂度。数组表示法能够在常数时间内确定一条回路中每个城市的相对顺序,但是最坏情况下完成逆序操作需要Ω（n）时间,不适用于大规模的旅行商问题。伸展树表示法执行查询和更新操作的平摊时间复杂度是O（logn）,适用于极大规模的旅行商问题。而两级树表示法在最坏情况下每一个更新操作的时间复杂度是O（n^0.5）,适用于大规模的旅行商问题。     

基于粗糙变精度的食品安全决策树研究

食品安全决策是食品安全问题研究的一项重要内容。为了对食品安全状况进行分析,基于粗糙集变精度模型,提出了一种包含规则置信度的构造决策树新方法。这种新方法针对传统加权决策树生成算法进行了改进,新算法以加权平均变精度粗糙度作为属性选择标准构造决策树,用变精度近似精度来代替近似精度,可以在数据库中消除噪声冗余数据,并且能够忽略部分矛盾数据,保证决策树构建过程中能够兼容部分存在冲突的决策规则。该算法可以在生成决策树的过程中,简化其生成过程,提高其应用范围,并且有助于诠释其生成规则。验证结果表明该算法是有效可行的。     

Near-duplicate document image matching: A graphical perspective

A near-duplicate document image matching approach characterized by a graphical perspective is proposed in this paper. Document images are represented by graphs whose nodes correspond to the objects in the images. Consequently, the image matching problem is then converted to graph matching. To deal with the instability of object segmentation, a multi-granularity object tree is constructed for a document image. Each level in the tree corresponds to one possible object segmentation, while different levels are characterized by various object granularities. Some graphs can be generated from the tree and the objects associated with each graph may be of different granularities. Two graphs with the maximum similarity are found from the multi-granularity object trees of the two near-duplicate document images which are to be matched. The encouraging experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Drawing non‐layered tidy trees in linear time

The well‐known Reingold–Tilford algorithm produces tidy‐layered drawings of trees: drawings where all nodes at the same depth are vertically aligned. However, when nodes have varying heights, layered drawing may use more vertical space than necessary. A non‐layered drawing of a tree places children at a fixed distance from the parent, thereby giving a more vertically compact drawing. Moreover, non‐layered drawings can also be used to draw trees where the vertical position of each node is given, by adding dummy nodes. In this paper, we present the first linear‐time algorithm for producing non‐layered drawings. Our algorithm is a modification of the Reingold–Tilford algorithm, but the original complexity proof of the Reingold–Tilford algorithm uses an invariant that does not hold for the non‐layered case. We give an alternative proof of the algorithm and its extension to non‐layered drawings. To improve drawings of trees of unbounded degree, extensions to the Reingold–Tilford algorithm have been proposed. These extensions also work in the non‐layered case, but we show that they then cause a O(n²) run‐time. We then propose a modification to these extensions that restores the O(n) run‐time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gender,culture and determinants of behavioural intents to adopt mobile commerce among the Y Generation in transition economies: evidence from Kazakhstan

This study investigates perceived risk and trust in relationship to the Diffusion of Innovation Theory [Rogers, E.M., 1962. Diffusion of innovations. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press; 1983. Diffusion of innovations. 3rd ed. New York: The Free Press] from a cultural perspective to understand the determinants of behavioural intent to adopt mobile commerce among the Y Generation in Kazakhstan. Surveys from 345 university-level students and subsequent structural equation modelling revealed perceived risk, trustworthiness and Rogers’ five innovation characteristics are important determinants. Perceived risk and trustworthiness are important determinants because of the high uncertainty avoidance characteristics of the Kazakh society. This study advances theory regarding culture- and generation-based characteristics to transition economies by verifying theoretical proposition regarding the behavioural intent towards mobile commerce adoption, resulting in a greater understanding of mobile commerce adoption among the Y Generation in transition economies. Marketing implications are discussed.     

Variational Tree Synthesis

Modelling trees according to desired shapes is important for many applications. Despite numerous methods having been proposed in tree modelling, it is still a non‐trivial task and challenging. In this paper, we present a new variational computing approach for generating realistic trees in specific shapes. Instead of directly modelling trees from symbolic rules, we formulate the tree modelling as an optimization process, in which a variational cost function is iteratively minimized. This cost function measures the difference between the guidance shape and the target tree crown. In addition, to faithfully capture the branch structure of trees, several botanical factors, including the minimum total branches volume and spatial branches patterns, are considered in the optimization to guide the tree modelling process. We demonstrate that our approach is applicable to generate trees with different shapes, from interactive design and complex polygonal meshes.     

Tele‐Cocooning: Mobile Texting and Social Scope

The present study examines the tele‐cocooning hypothesis in the context of general trust using a nationally representative survey of Japanese youth. We find that although frequency of texting is positively correlated with general trust, this correlation is spuriously caused by how heavy mobile texters interpret the words “most people” in the general trust measurement. Heavy users assume that “most people” only refers to friends, family, and others going to the same school. When the effect of the “most people” assumption is controlled, the positive association between texting and general trust disappears. Further exploration of the data shows that heavy texting nevertheless has negative implications for social tolerance and social caution, both of which are theoretically proximate to general trust.