基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法

针对线、面特征匹配的激光雷达测距与地图构建算法(Lightweight and Ground-Optimized Lidar Odometry And Mapping,LeGO-LOAM)在自动导引运输车(Automated Guided Vehicle,AGV)室内室外实时建图与定位时,易出现激光里程计累积误差大和旋转估计不准确等问题,本工作采用惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)与激光雷达紧耦合的LeGO-LOAM算法,通过IMU为激光雷达提供的初始位姿信息,构建IMU与激光雷达联合误差函数,实现位姿共同迭代优化.其中,对于室外结构化信息较少时,在点对点的迭代最近点算法(Iterative Closest Point,ICP)较高定位精度的基础上,结合LeGO-LOAM算法和ICP算法互补性,进一步提出基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法:当环境中结构信息较多时,激光里程计采用LeGO-LOAM算法,而当环境中结构化信息较少时采用ICP算法.实验结果表明,基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法可有效降低激光里程计相对位姿误差和累积误差,提高AGV小车定位精度以消除部分地图重影.     

针对多目标的分布式多边融合定位

针对基于接收信号强度指数(Received Signal Strength Indicator,RSSI)的多目标定位问题,结合点估计与椭圆估计算法,提出一种新的分布式多边融合定位(Distributed Multi-lateral Fusion Localization,DMFL)算法.首先,通过多边定位算法进行粗定位,估计目标的大致位置.其次,基于区间分析理论在线获取泰勒展式高阶余项的边界,并通过集员递归算法求解多目标定位问题.最后,通过实验和仿真验证该算法的定位性能.结果表明,在相同的节点布置条件下,与最新的RSSI定位算法相比,该算法的定位精度更高,最大误差小于0.3 m,并可提供保证包含目标真实位置的最优区域.     

基于机器视觉与单片机结合的机械臂抓取系统

抓取规划和控制是机械臂抓取系统中的难点。为了有效的解决这两个问题,本文提出一种基于机器视觉和单片机相结合的机械臂抓取系统。首先利用前期视觉测量成果对目标定位,然后设计了一种软件接口将目标表面三维信息进行可视化,并通过人为经验手动选择一个良好的抓取点;再结合逆运动学求解和轨迹规划算法,利用单片机驱动舵机使机械臂末端执行器移动到抓取点并完成抓取任务。实验结果表明,该系统成本低、并且目标形状不受限制,达到了预期效果。     

What localizes beneath: A metric multisensor localization and mapping system for autonomous underground mining vehicles

Robustly and accurately localizing vehicles in underground mines is particularly challenging due to the unavailability of GPS, variable and often poor lighting conditions, visual aliasing in long tunnels, and airborne dust and water. In this paper, we present a novel, infrastructure‐less, multisensor localization method for robust autonomous operation within underground mines. The proposed method integrates with existing mine site commissioning and operation procedures and includes both an offline map‐building process and an online localization algorithm. The approach combines the strengths of visual‐based place recognition, LIDAR‐based localization, and odometry in a particle filter fusion process. We provide an extensive experimental validation using new large data sets acquired in two operational Australian underground hard‐rock mines (including a 600m‐deep multilevel mine with approximately 33 km of mapping data and 7 km of vehicle localization) by actual mining vehicles during production operations. We demonstrate a significant increase in localization accuracy over prior state‐of‐the‐art SLAM research systems and real‐time operation, with processing times in the order of 10 Hz. We present results showing a mean error of 0.68 m from the Queensland Mine data set and 1.32 m from the New South Wales Mine data set and at least 86% reduction in error compared with prior state of the art. We also analyze the impact of the particle filter parameters with respect to localization accuracy. Together this study represents a new approach to positioning systems for currently deployed autonomous vehicles within underground mine environments.     

无人机自主目标识别与定位应用研究

面向无人机自主侦察任务中在线目标识别与定位需求,首先梳理了无人机侦察中目标识别领域的相关研究成果;然后,介绍了Faster RCNN目标识别算法的实现原理,并针对任务需求进行了改进;之后,介绍了图像拼接的相关算法并进一步提出了目标相对定位算法;最后,设计了完整的侦察试验流程对所设计自主目标识别与定位方法进行验证;结果表明,改进的目标检测网络能够达到83.3％的识别准确率和35帧/秒的识别速度,所提出的相对定位算法可以达到0.702 m的平均定位精度,能够满足侦察无人机在线目标识别与定位的任务需求.     

一种非视距环境下的目标定位算法

针对机器人、无人机和其他智能系统的位置信息,研究了非视距(non line of sight, NLOS)环境中基于到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)测距的目标定位问题。在建模过程中,通过引入平衡参数来抑制NLOS误差对定位精度的影响,并成功将定位问题的形式与一个广义信赖域子问题(generalized trust region subproblem,GTRS)框架进行耦合。与其他凸优化算法不同的是,本文没有联合估计目标节点的位置和平衡参数,而是采用了一种迭代求精的思想,算法可以用二分法高速有效地进行求解。 所提算法与已有的算法相比,不需要任何关于NLOS路径的信息。此外,与大多数现有算法不同,所提算法的计算复杂度低,能够满足实时定位的需求。仿真结果表明:该算法具有稳定的NLOS误差抑制能力,在定位性能和算法复杂度之间有着很好的权衡。     

双向通信无人机集群领航顶点选取方法

领航顶点选取是关系到领航-跟随模式无人机集群等多智能体系统可控性的重要问题。以具有几十架个体的无人机集群为研究对象,针对领航顶点选取问题,基于Laplace矩阵的特征向量,提出关键集概念。从理论上证明2关键集、3关键集以及独立关键集的图特征。在此基础上,给出求无向网络最小关键集的CSA算法,通过数值仿真实验获得了不同规模、不同通信半径条件下无人机集群最小领航集的数值特征。     

网络中多节点故障定位的探测路径选择算法

针对现有故障定位技术不能满足多节点故障定位的要求,尤其当网络中存在大量故障节点时,提出了一种基于主动探测的探测路径选择算法。该算法主要包括用于故障检测的贪婪路径选择算法和用于故障定位的禁忌链路搜索算法。在故障检测阶段,使用贪婪路径选择算法迭代地选择具有最小权重的探测路径覆盖网络中的节点。在故障定位阶段,使用禁忌链路搜索算法多次生成候选路径集以选择最合适的探测路径来解决多节点故障定位问题。在随机网络拓扑和真实网络拓扑上的仿真结果表明,与现有的节点故障定位算法相比,探测路径选择算法具有更高的成功定位率和更低的探测成本。     

Evaluating the usage of fault localization in automated program repair: an empirical study

Fault localization techniques are originally proposed to assist in manual debugging by generally producing a rank list of suspicious locations.With the increasing popularity of automated program repair,the fault localization techniques have been introduced to effectively reduce the search space of automated program repair.Unlike developers who mainly focus on the rank information,current automated program repair has two strategies to use the fault localization information:suspiciousness-first algorithm(SFA)based on the suspiciousness accuracy and rank-first algorithm(RFA)relying on the rank accuracy.However,despite the fact that the two different usages are widely adopted by current automated program repair and may result in different repair results,little is known about the impacts of the two strategies on automated program repair.In this paper we empirically compare the performance of SFA and RFA in the context of automated program repair.Specifically,we implement the two strategies and six well-studied fault localization techniques into four state-of-the-art automated program repair tools,and then use these tools to perform repair experiments on 60 real-world bugs from Defects4J.Our study presents a number of interesting findings:RFA outperforms SFA in 70.02%of cases when measured by the number of candidate patches generated before a valid patch is found(NCP),while SFA performs better in parallel repair and patch diversity;the performance of SFA can be improved by increasing the suspiciousness accuracy of fault localization techniques;finally,we use SimFix that deploys SFA to successfully repair four extra Defects4J bugs which cannot be repaired by SimFix originally using RFA.These observations provide a new perspective for future research on the usage and improvement of fault localization in automated program repair.     

主从式USV协同定位系统性能分析

为研究以距离为观测量的主从式无人水面航行器(unmanned surface vehicle,USV)协同定位系统在不同运动状态下的定位性能问题,建立一种新的协同坐标系,并在该坐标系中推导主从USV运动模型,以主从USV相对距离为观测量分析主从式USV协同定位系统的可观测性及可观测度.同时,针对不可观测路径,提出通过改变控制输入的方法以达到提高系统可观测度的目的.通过MATLAB仿真实验与水面舰艇实验,结果表明:在不同情况下,通过调整控制输入的方法改变系统的可观测度是有效的;利用所提出的分析方法可以反映协同定位系统的定位性能,验证了所得结论及方法的有效性.