铸态TiAl-Nb合金的组织结构与蠕变性能

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了铸态TiAl-Nb合金在近890~910℃温度区间的蠕变行为。结果表明,铸态TiAl-Nb合金的组织结构主要由层片状γ/α_2两相组成,不同取向γ/α_2两相层片状组织之间存在不规则锯齿状形态的晶界,该锯齿状非层片晶界由单一γ相组成。在高温蠕变期间,合金具有较好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命;合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是大量位错以位错列的形式剪切层片状γ/α_2两相,其中,大量位错在基体中滑移,发生反应可形成位错网,可促进位错的攀移,减缓应力集中,改善合金的蠕变抗力。与α_2-Τi_3Al相比,γ-TiAl相有较弱的强度。因此,蠕变期间合金中的裂纹易于在与应力轴呈45°角、且与层状结构相平行的晶界处萌生与扩展,直至蠕变断裂是合金在蠕变期间的断裂机制;其中,与层状结构相平行的断口呈光滑表面,而与层状结构呈一定角度的断裂表面存在撕裂棱,为较高强度的α_2-Ti_3Al相阻碍裂纹扩展所致。     

W-4Re-0.27HfC合金的1500~1700℃拉伸蠕变性能及损伤机理

本文研究了粉末冶金制备的W-4Re-0.27HfC合金的拉伸蠕变行为,测试环境为真空,蠕变温度为1500~1700℃,蠕变应力为40~60MPa。采用SEM、EBSD和TEM观察其微观组织,表征晶粒尺寸和位错等组织在蠕变过程中的演变规律。结果表明,W-4Re-0.27HfC合金的稳态蠕变速率范围为1′10-7~5′10-6,较纯钨(W)低两个数量级。W-4Re-0.27HfC合金抗蠕变性能优于纯W主要原因是弥散分布的HfC颗粒钉扎位错和Re取代W原子产生晶格畸变阻碍位错运动,降低位错迁移率。蠕变温度为1500℃时,W-4Re-0.27HfC的蠕变机制以位错滑移为主,伴随有晶界滑动。随着温度升高,位错攀移成为主要蠕变机制。HfC颗粒塞积位错,导致HfC/基体界面结合变差,HfC颗粒剥落出现孔洞,合金蠕变性能下降。     

Creep behavior of Mg–2 wt.%Nd binary alloy

A binary magnesium alloy, Mg–2 wt.%Nd, has been prepared. Under the condition of temperature between 150 and 250 °C and applied stress between 30 and 110 MPa, the alloy exhibits good creep resistance due to both solution-hardening and especially precipitation-hardening. Tiny precipitates forming dynamically during creep have been observed, which play an important role in restricting dislocation movements. When the creep tests are carried out at the temperature range between 150 and 250 °C, the stress exponents lie in the range of 4.5–7.1 at low stresses, which is consistent with the “five-power-law”. The values of stress exponent increase up to 9.8–29.5 at high stresses indicate power-law breakdown. When the creep tests are carried out under the applied stress between 30 and 90 MPa, the apparent activation energy values vary from 70.0 to 96.0 kJ/mol at low temperatures, but increase to 199.9–246.1 kJ/mol at high temperature range. Dislocations in basal plane are activated in the primary creep stage, but as creep goes on, they are observed in non-basal plane. The creep is mainly controlled by both dislocation-climb and cross-slip.     

Simulating RC beams with unbonded FRP and steel prestressing tendons

A partial interaction based analysis to simulate the behaviour of RC beams with prestressed unbonded tendons is proposed. Unlike bonded reinforcement, the strain developed in unbonded reinforcing tendons under bending is uniform along the length of the member and is thus member dependant. Conventional analysis techniques incorporate correction factors and empirical components in defining the strain developed in both the unbonded and bonded reinforcement. Being semi-empirical, the post-cracking analysis cannot directly simulate the effects of tension-stiffening on the untensioned bonded reinforcement. Accordingly, this paper presents a segmental moment–rotation approach for simulating the behaviour of RC beams with unbonded prestressed reinforcement, such that the mechanics of the approach removes the reliance on empiricisms in defining the reinforcement and unbonded tendon behaviour. Validated against experimental results, the approach is shown to accommodate concrete creep, shrinkage and reinforcement relaxation, thus enabling prestressing losses to be quantified.     

Cyclic thermo-mechanical material modelling and testing of 316 stainless steel

A programme of cyclic mechanical testing of a 316 stainless steel, at temperatures of up to 600 °C under isothermal conditions, for the identification of material constitutive constants, has been carried out using a thermo-mechanical fatigue test machine (with induction coil heating). The constitutive model adopted is a modified Chaboche unified viscoplasticity model, which can deal with both cyclic effects, such as combined isotropic and kinematic hardening, and rate-dependent effects, associated with viscoplasticity. The characterisation of 316 stainless steel is presented and compared with results from tests consisting of cyclic isothermal, as well as in-phase and out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions, using interpolation between the isothermal material constants to predict the material behaviour under anisothermal conditions.     

Effect of electric current on the creep deformation of lead

Using the impression test, the effect of electric current on the creep deformation of Pb was studied in the temperature range of 343-403 K and under the punching stress of 11.1-30.5 MPa. During the impression test of constant load, a direct electric current in a range of 0-5 A passed through the punch into the Pb-sample. A steady state creep with sudden jumps in the impression curves was observed. A power-law relation was used to describe the dependence of the steady state impression velocity on the punching stress. The average stress exponent increased from 3.2 to 4.0 with increasing electric current and the apparent activation energy was 36.0 kJ/mol for small punching stresses. For large punching stresses, the average stress exponent decreased with increasing electric current and the apparent activation energy decreased from 63.5 kJ/mol to 49.7 kJ/mol with increasing electric current from 0 to 5 A.     

Structural Steel ASTM A709—Behavior at Uniaxial Tests Conducted at Lowered and Elevated Temperatures, Short-Time Creep Response, and Fracture Toughness Calculation

This paper presents the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of structural high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) ASTM A709 Gr50 steel (En10025: S355 JO; DIN: ST 52-3U). Engineering stress-strain diagrams at lowered and elevated temperatures are presented. Creep responses for selected constant stresses at selected temperatures are also presented and are fit with a rheological model. Additionally, a relation between impact toughness and fracture toughness is proposed and is validated using results from notch impact tests on a Charpy pendulum impact machine.     

The effect of stress relaxation loading cycles on the creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel

This paper investigates the effects of repeated stress relaxation loadings and post stress relaxation creep to assess the stress relaxation-creep interaction and microstructural evolution of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Prior to creep testing, the microstructure of the material subjected to stress relaxation exhibited a structure which was non-conservative in predicting the remaining creep life of the material. The results obtained in the test program showed that the damage due to the effects of stress relaxation was crucial and had a significant effect on the creep life of this material. The study has also shown that the extent of metallurgical degradation, due to stress relaxation, may not be evident through microstructural assessment. Consequently, established life assessment procedures may not represent conservative estimates of remaining life because the microstructural indicators of damage, due to stress relaxation, are not evident.The effects of stress relaxation on the creep properties of ferritic pressure vessel steel are life limiting for critical high temperature power generation plant. In this study a comprehensive test program has been undertaken to assess the interaction of stress relaxation with creep and microstructural evolution in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel.     

Effects of La addition on the elevated temperature properties of the casting Al-Cu alloy

The tensile strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures of the casting Al-Cu alloy with La addition have been investigated. The results show that La can remarkably improve the tensile strength and creep resistance of the alloy. With 0.2-1.0 wt.% La addition, Al₁₁La₃ phase is found in the grain boundaries and spaces among the dendrites in the modified alloy. The tensile strength and creep resistance of the alloy with 0.3 wt.% La addition are found to be optimum.     

Stress-controlled direct shear testing of geosynthetic clay liners II: Assessment of shear behavior

This paper is the second of a two-paper set on stress-controlled direct shear testing of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Design of the apparatus, preliminary experiments, and shear deformation mechanisms in heat-treated and non-heat treated needle-punched (NP) GCLs were discussed in Part I. The objective of Part II (this paper) was to evaluate the effects of physical factors (i.e., peel strength and initial normal stress, σ_ni), environmental factors (i.e., temperature and hydration solution), and creep on the internal shear behavior of NP GCLs. In addition, failure conditions of GCLs in the stress-controlled direct shear tests were compared to displacement-controlled direct shear tests to verify results. An increase in internal shear strength developed from increased GCL peel strength or increased normal stress. Elevated temperatures were observed to decrease internal shear strength for both non-heat treated and heat-treated NP GCLs. Specimens hydrated with a calcium-rich synthetic mining solution experienced increased internal shear strength due to cation exchange in the bentonite, whereas specimens hydrated with a highly alkaline synthetic mining solution experienced decreased internal shear strength. Creep tests revealed an increase in time-to-failure with decrease in applied shear stress. Finally, stress states at failure from stress-controlled and displacement-controlled shear tests corresponded to a unique failure envelope, which validates the efficacy of using stress-controlled direct shear tests to assess internal shear behavior and shear strength of NP GCLs.