Characterization and catalytic gasification of the aqueous by-product from vacuum pyrolysis of biomass

Spruce wood residues were treated in a vacuum pyrolysis Process Development Unit with a throughput capacity of 28 kg/h. Two aqueous phase condensate samples with COD concentration varying between 190 and 255 g/L were produced and sequentially extracted with dichloromethane and ethylacetate solvents. The soluble organic matter was composed of acidic, phenolic, alcoholic and ketonic compounds. The insoluble fraction was sequentially distilled at 100 and 110°C under atmospheric pressure. Mainly water was recovered in the first distillate, while the second distillate contained 30.4% formic and acetic acids, 69.4% water and 0.2% residual organic compounds. The distillation residue was rich in oxygen and was essentially insoluble in any organic solvent. The two aqueous phase pyroligneous samples were treated in Bat-telle's Thermochemical Environmental Energy System (TEESr?), a registered service mark of Onsite*Ofsite, Inc. of Duarte, California, U.S.A. The results of the tests showed that similar results were obtained with either feedstock. In batch tests a COD reduction of 99% was achieved. The product gas composition was typically about 49% methane, 5% hydrogen, 1 % ethane and 45% carbon dioxide. Tests in a continuous stirred-tank reactor produced reproducible data which can be used for process scale-up. Catalyst lifetime was identified as needing further improvement. The preliminary results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the catalytic gasification process as a useful step in the recovery of energy from the secondary condensate stream and the cleanup of the by-product water from vacuum pyrolysis of wood.     

An economic and environmental assessment of biomass utilization in lignite‐fired power plants of Greece

The environmental and socio‐economic impacts of biomass utilization by co‐firing with brown coal in an existing thermoelectric unit in Greece or through its pure combustion in a new plant were studied and evaluated in this work. The 125 MW_e lignite‐fired power plant in Ptolemais Power Station (Western Macedonia) was used as reference system. The environmental benefits of the alternative biomass exploitation options were quantified based on the life cycle assessment methodology, as established by SETAC, while the BIOSEM technique was used to carry out socio‐economic calculations. The obtained results showed clear environmental benefits of both biomass utilization alternatives in comparison with the reference system. In addition, co‐firing biomass with lignite in an existing unit outperforms the combustion of biomass exclusively in a new plant, since it exhibits a better environmental performance and it is a low risk investment with immediate benefits. A biomass combustion unit requires a considerably higher capital investment and its benefits are more evident in the long run. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle

Forest and bioenergy strategies offer the prospect of reduced CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. Such strategies can affect the net flux of carbon to the atmosphere through 4 mechanisms: storage of C in the biosphere; storage of C in forest products; use of biofuels to displace fossil-fuel use; use of wood products which often displaces other products that require more fossil fuel for their production. We use the mathematical model GORCAM (Graz/Oak Ridge Carbon Accounting Model) to examine these mechanisms for 16 land-use scenarios. Over long time intervals the amount of C stored in the biosphere and in forest products reaches a steady state and continuing mitigation of C emissions depends on the extent to which fossil fuel use is displaced by the use of bioenergy and wood products. The relative effectiveness of alternative forest and bioenergy strategies and their impact on net C emissions strongly depend, for example, on the productivity of the site, its current usage, and the efficiency with which the harvest is used. When growth rates are high and harvest is used efficiently, the dominant opportunity for net reduction in C emissions is seen to be fossil-fuel displacement. At the growth rates and efficiencies of harvest utilization adopted in many of our base scenarios, the net C balance at the end of 100 years is very similar whether trees are harvested and used for energy and traditional forest products, or reforestation and forest protection strategies are implemented. The C balance on a plantation system that provides a constant output of biomass products can look different than the balance of a single parcel of land.     

Anaerobic digestion of alkaline black liquor using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

The anaerobic digestion of alkaline black liquor from a cereal straw pulping mill was studied in batch (serum bottles) and continuous systems (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor—UASB). The batch digestion studies confirmed that lignin and related compounds (LRC) in the alkaline black liquor were the main inhibitory substances and could not be decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. At organic loading rates of 5–10 kg COD m^?3 day^?1, the UASB reactor achieved 50–60% COD removal efficiencies. Gas production was 2–3 dm³ per dm³ of alkaline black liquor. Two different sludge types were examined in the reactor: granular and cluster-like sludges. Sludge in a cluster, which involved many small granules and flocs, tended to form larger aggregates and possessed good settling ability.     

不同光照下梅尼小环藻对昼夜温差变化的生理响应

为探讨硅藻在不同环境中对昼夜温差变化的响应机制,以梅尼小环藻为代表,研究了在高光照与低光照两种条件下,3种不同昼夜温差对梅尼小环藻生物量、光合活性、营养盐吸收利用的影响。试验结果表明:在5~10 ℃范围内,昼夜温差的减小能促进梅尼小环藻细胞密度与叶绿素a的增长,使其比生长速率增加;在高光照下,各组梅尼小环藻的最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)差异显著,降幅范围为36.3%~65.2%(P<0.05),而低光照下各组F_v/F_m的组间差异不显著(P>0.05);此外,随着温差减小,培养基中PO^3-₄-P的净减小值越大;不同处理组梅尼小环藻对硅的亲和力也表现出差异:高光照下,5 ℃温差组的硅亲和力最高,其半饱和常数(K_m)为1.755 ng/L,而低光照下,恒温组的亲和力最高,其K_m为4.673 ng/L;不同光照条件下,梅尼小环藻的生理习性对昼夜温差的响应不同,但总体上一定范围内昼夜温差减小有利于梅尼小环藻的生长繁殖。     

衣康酸光固化树脂的研究进展

被誉为"绿色技术"的光固化技术,不仅节能环保而且经济高效,已在众多领域得以应用。利用天然可再生资源制备光固化树脂对光固化技术的可持续发展具有重要意义。衣康酸作为一种来源广泛的天然可再生资源,其分子结构中同时含有不饱和双键和两个羧基,可替代丙烯酸、己二酸等石化资源合成各种光固化不饱和树脂,所得树脂综合性能优良。本文综述了衣康酸制备光固化树脂的研究进展,主要包括环氧衣康酸树脂、衣康酸聚酯、衣康酸聚酯丙烯酸酯、衣康酸聚氨酯丙烯酸酯等。由衣康酸合成的光固化树脂在涂料、生物医药和3D打印材料等领域具有重要的应用价值,为生物质资源的高值化利用提供了新途径。     

生物质硅炭增强改性氢化丁腈橡胶的性能及老化规律

以生物质硅炭(Si/CB)取代部分N550炭黑为补强剂、HNBR为基体制备了生物质硅炭改性的HNBR复合材料。研究了硅炭对HNBR的补强行为,高温真空介质中橡胶的热老化行为及主链老化结构的演变。与传统炭黑的增强效果相比,生物质硅炭增强的HNBR表现出更好的韧性、撕裂强度、较低的永久变形及高温力学性能。160℃下老化20 d,材料的拉伸强度保持率大于100%,生物质硅炭表现出较好的耐老化能力。链接-CN官能团的α-碳原子高温下易均裂氢原子生成自由基,连续加氢还原使-C■N转化为-C■NH,直至形成化学交联结构,导致橡胶的玻璃化转变温度升高。氢化丁腈的CN含量越低,耐老化能力越突出。依据分子主链老化的结构演变信息,提出了HNBR的可能老化机理。     

非贵金属催化5-羟甲基糠醛选择氧化的研究进展

5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）作为一种连接生物质资源和精细化学品工业的多功能平台化合物,因含有醛基、羟甲基而具有非常活泼的化学性质。HMF催化选择氧化在生物质转化过程中具有十分重要的意义,近年来受到研究者们的广泛关注。其氧化产物如2,5-呋喃二甲醛（DFF）和2,5-呋喃二甲酸（FDCA）都是具有高附加值的精细化学品,可用于抗菌剂、医药中间体、合成聚酯等方面。非贵金属催化剂因具备低成本、资源丰富以及环境友好的优势,用于HMF选择氧化的相关报道已逐渐增多。阐述了HMF选择氧化的催化反应机理,着重从非贵金属催化剂的角度出发,对近年来HMF的不同催化氧化体系进行了总结和归纳。最后,展望了HMF选择氧化的研究前景,为构建绿色、高效的催化体系提供思路和参考。     

生物质能在炼铁领域应用的研究现状及展望

 在国家碳达峰和碳中和目标下,炼铁行业在改进生产技术的同时,开发可替代的新型能源以减少一次化石燃料的消耗,是实现其低碳发展的必由之路。生物质能作为一种清洁可再生能源,具有来源广泛、环境友好和碳中性等特点。天然生物质能挥发分含量高、易燃烧,而热解后的生物炭的理化性能与煤粉接近,将生物质能作为燃料和还原剂应用于炼铁生产,可以有效发挥其节能减排作用。在分析生物质能理化性能的基础上,系统阐述了生物质能在制备焦炭、高炉喷吹、烧结、球团工序中应用的研究现状。首先指出,生物质和煤粉的共热解技术是利用生物质混煤炼焦的关键。为了推进生物质焦炭在高炉冶炼中的应用,需要加强生物质焦炭对高炉软熔带透气透液性的影响研究。其次,生物质的热值、燃烧特征温度和燃烧率是影响生物质混煤喷吹效果的主要因素。提出开发生物质协同煤粉造气新技术可以拓宽高炉喷吹用生物质能的选择范围,并可生产优质富氢还原煤气用于高炉喷吹。第三,指出用适量的生物质能替代焦粉或煤粉进行铁矿粉烧结,可以保证烧结矿的质量,并产生显著的减排效果。在制备生物质含碳球团时,需要严格控制生物质的添加量,以获得高金属化率和适宜黏结性指数的球团。在今后的研究中应重点进行生物质的种类和添加量对烧结矿和球团矿质量的影响研究。最后,指出目前生物质能炼焦、高炉喷煤、烧结和球团中的应用还多处于基础研究阶段,建议今后应加快生物质能在炼铁各工序生产中的应用实践,以进一步评估生物质能在炼铁领域的使用效果和应用潜力。     

木质素液化研究进展

介绍了木质素的液化、液化产物的改良的方法及其研究进展,对将来研究发展方向以及目前面临的一些问题作了简要的叙述。