基于量子化霍尔电阻考核的国家电阻基准的稳定性

报告了自1990年以来通过与量子化霍尔电阻比对考核的国家直流电阻（实物）基准的长期漂移率及偏差。结果表明2001年以来，国家直流电阻（实物）副基准的漂移率为-0．0551μΩ／a，主基准的漂移率为-0．0808μΩ／a；2006年10月25日，国家直流电阻（实物）基准复现的电阻量值较量子化霍尔电阻的相对偏差为＋0．677mm，预计2007年1月1日需要修正-0．69μΩ／a。     

Formation of silicon dioxide layers at low temperatures (150-400 °C) by atmospheric pressure plasma oxidation of silicon

The formation of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) layers at low temperatures (150-400 °C) by atmospheric pressure plasma oxidation of Si(0 0 1) wafers have been studied using a gas mixture containing He and O₂. A 150 MHz very high frequency (VHF) power supply was used to generate high-density atomic oxygen in the atmospheric pressure plasma. Oxidation rate, structure, and thickness and refractive index profiles of the oxidized layers were investigated by ellipsometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy was also employed to observe atomic-scale morphologies of the layer surface and wafer Si surface, after chemical removal of the oxidized layers. It was found that stoichiometric SiO₂ layers were obtained at higher oxidation rates than conventional dry O₂ thermal oxidation and radical oxidation processes, even at a very low substrate temperature of 150 °C. Although thickness variations were observed in the plasma region, the refractive index was independent of both substrate temperature and VHF power. In addition, the SiO₂ surface and SiO₂/Si interface roughnesses were comparable to those obtained in conventional dry oxidation at high temperatures.     

Application to cleaning of waste plastic surfaces using atmospheric non-thermal plasma jets

The removal of paint on the surface of waste plastics is difficult by the conventional process; in this research, a new cleaning mechanism using atmospheric plasmas was examined through optical emission spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that an increase of pulse frequency enables for a short processing time for the removal of the paint film, signifying that the production of radicals in plasma, especially oxygen radicals, can be controlled by pulse frequency.Plasma jets were generated under the experimental conditions of an input power of 250 W to 400 W, a pulse frequency of 2 kHz to 12 kHz, and a plasma gas flow rate of 30 L/min. Examination of the intensity ratio of the reactive species, as measured by emission spectroscopy, showed that the O/N value increased with an increase in pulse frequency. Results of analysis with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis show that nitrogen atoms and molybdenum in only the paint film decreased through plasma processing.     

利用大气能见度获取多波长气溶胶光学特性

介绍了一种利用测量得到的大气能见度获取多波长气溶胶光学特性(主要探讨气溶胶的消光系数、散射系数和吸收系数)的新方法。首先，由能见度求出波长0.55 μm的大气消光系数，在减去大气分子的消光系数后得到0.55 μm气溶胶的消光系数，使用Mie散射理论求出气溶胶粒子的数密度；因为同一时间大气状态下气溶胶的数密度是不变的，所以再次使用Mie散射理论即可得到其他波长下气溶胶的光学特性。以1.06、1.536、3.75 μm为例，给出了合肥2003年近地面层的气溶胶光学特性，该方法对于研究大气环境和大气中光传输模式具有重要意义。     

用光纤准直耦合光路测量大气光学湍流

阐述了利用光纤准直器对组成的耦合光路的附加损耗产生的机理，证明大气湍流运动可引起该光路的附加损耗发生随机变化。根据湍流大气光传播原理，推导出了耦合光功率与光路参数和湍流参数关系式。分析表明：实际湍流大气造成的随机附加损耗主要取决于湍流强度。实验验证了利用该光路可在很短的空气间隙内获得湍流强度的变化信息。     

一种MODIS遥感图像大气校正的快速算法

本文设计了基于大气辐射传输模型对MODIS遥感图像进行大气校正的一种新的快速算法。根据Kaufman气溶胶光学厚度反演方法的基本原理,建立了简化的气溶胶光学厚度反演模型,通过6S模型获取气溶胶光学厚度参数,利用经验公式计算大气反射率及大气透过率等参数,实现了MODIS遥感图像的快速大气校正。     

一种大气激光通信机的总体设计

介绍了一种大气激光通信机的总体设计方案,并给出了基于该方案的试验样机的测试结果.测试结果表明:按照该方案研制的试验样机能够满足总体设计要求.     

tau: A 1D radiative transfer code for transmission spectroscopy of extrasolar planet atmospheres

The tau code is a 1D$1D$ line-by-line radiative transfer code, which is generally applicable for modelling transmission spectra of close-in extrasolar planets. The inputs are the assumed pressure–temperature profile of the planetary atmosphere, the continuum absorption coefficients and the absorption cross-sections for the trace molecular absorbers present in the model, as well as the fundamental system parameters taken from the published literature. The program then calculates the optical path through the planetary atmosphere of the radiation from the host star, and quantifies the absorption due to the modelled composition in a transmission spectrum of transit depth as a function of wavelength. The code is written in C++, parallelised using OpenMP, and is available for public download and use from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/exoplanets/.     

Parallelisation of the Lagrangian atmospheric dispersion model NAME

The NAME  Atmospheric Dispersion Model is a Lagrangian particle model used by the Met Office to predict the propagation and spread of pollutants in the atmosphere. The model is routinely used in emergency response applications, where it is important to obtain results as quickly as possible. This requirement for a short runtime and the increase in core number of commonly available CPUs, such as the Intel Xeon series, has motivated the parallelisation of NAME  in the OpenMP  shared memory framework. In this work we describe the implementation of this parallelisation strategy in NAME  and discuss the performance of the model for different setups. Due to the independence of the model particles, the parallelisation of the main compute intensive loops is relatively straightforward. The random number generator for modelling sub-grid scale turbulent motion needs to be adapted to ensure that different particles use independent sets of random numbers. We find that on Intel Xeon X5680 CPUs the model shows very good strong scaling up to 12 cores in a realistic emergency response application for predicting the dispersion of volcanic ash in the North Atlantic airspace. We implemented a mechanism for asynchronous reading of meteorological data from disk and demonstrate how this can reduce the runtime if disk access plays a significant role in a model run. To explore the performance on different chip architectures we also ported the part of the code which is used for calculating the gamma dose from a cloud of radioactive particles to a graphics processing unit (GPU) using CUDA-C. We were able to demonstrate a significant speedup of around one order of magnitude relative to the serial CPU version.     

ATMOSPHERIC FREEZE-DRYING PART 1 : DESIGN,EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND ENERGY-SAVING ADVANTAGES

This paper describes the experimental study of a new process for freeze-drying based on a fluidized bed of dry adsorbent working at atmospheric pressure. Process feasibility has been demonstrated. The kinetics of dehydration have been established systematically for thin-sliced potatoes. A comparison has been carried out with vacuum freeze-drying. Processing time is longer than under vacuum freeze-drying, but energy savings of 35% can be expected from a continuous duty facility.