Leveling-sharpening and memory organization.

The Schematizing Test (see 35: 2266) and a psychophysical task utilizing the method of single stimuli were used to differentiate a group of "levelers" (in a perceputal sense—or, in a psychoanalytic sense, repressors) from "sharpeners." Ss were asked to relate requested details of a story (the Pied Piper of Hamlin), the story being used as a measure of remote memory. The groups were differentiated on the basis of such recall. The results were seen as supporting the effects of cognitive style upon memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attention: Reaction Time and Accuracy Reveal Different Mechanisms.

The authors propose that there are 2 different mechanisms whereby spatial cues capture attention. The voluntary mechanism is the strategic allocation of perceptual resources to the location most likely to contain the target. The involuntary mechanism is a reflexive orienting response that occurs even when the spatial cue does not indicate the probable target location. Voluntary attention enhances the perceptual representation of the stimulus in the cued location relative to other locations. Hence, voluntary attention affects performance in experiments designed around both accuracy and reaction time. Involuntary attention affects a decision as to which location should be responded to. Because involuntary attention does not change the perceptual representation, it affects performance in reaction time experiments but not accuracy experiments. The authors obtained this pattern of results in 4 different versions of the spatial cuing paradigm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations among categorization, induction, recognition, and similarity: Comment on Sloutsky and Fisher (2004).

V. M. Sloutsky and A. V. Fisher (see record 2004-14313-002) reported 5 experiments documenting relations among categorization, induction, recognition, and similarity in children as well as adults and proposed a new model of induction, SINC (similarity, induction, categorization). Those authors concluded that induction depends on perceptual similarity rather than conceptual knowledge. Despite the useful contributions of this work, there are some important limitations. The experimental designs examined a limited range of phenomena that are not the most revealing about the use of nonperceptual information. The main results involved a simple triad task, for which the SINC model's predictions are equivalent to the predictions of previous models of inductive reasoning. It is also unclear whether the SINC model can account for the observed relations between similarity and recognition. Implications for future work on induction and related cognitive activities are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Look Here but Ignore What You See: Effects of Distractors at Fixation.

Distractor interference effects were compared between distractors in the periphery and those placed at fixation. In 6 experiments, the authors show that fixation distractors produce larger interference effects than peripheral distractors. However, the fixation distractor effects are modulated by perceptual load to the same extent as are peripheral distractor effects (Experiments 1 and 2). Experiment 3 showed that fixation distractors are harder to filter out than peripheral distractors. The larger distractor effects at fixation are not due to the cortical magnification of foveal stimuli (Experiments 4 and 5), nor can they be attributed to cuing by the fixation point (Experiment 2), the lower predictability or greater location certainty of fixation distractors (Experiment 5), or their being in a central position (Experiment 6). The authors suggest that preferential access to attention renders fixation distractors harder to ignore than peripheral distractors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Scaling of Information to Action in Visually Guided Braking.

Braking to avoid a collision can be controlled by keeping the deceleration required to stop (i.e., ideal deceleration) in the "safe" region below maximum deceleration, but maximum deceleration is not optically specified and can vary as conditions change. When brake strength was manipulated between participants using a simulated braking task, the ratio of ideal to maximum deceleration at brake onset was invariant across groups, suggesting that calibration involves scaling information about ideal deceleration in intrinsic units of maximum deceleration. Evidence of rapid recalibration was found when brake strength was manipulated within participants, and the presence of external forces that affect brake dynamics resulted in biases in performance. Discussion focuses on the role of calibration, internal models, and affordance perception in visually guided action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the working alliance in experiential psychotherapy for depression.

Early-, middle-, and late-phase client emotional arousal, perceptual processing strategies, and working alliance were examined in relation to treatment outcome on 4 measures in 32 clients who previously underwent experiential therapy for depression. Hierarchical regression analyses relating these variables to outcome indicated that results varied depending on the therapeutic process, phase of treatment, and outcome measure involved in the analyses. Mid-therapy arousal predicted improvements in self-esteem, whereas mid- and late treatment perceptual processing predicted reductions in client interpersonal dysfunction. Emotional arousal in conjunction with perceptual processing during mid-therapy predicted reductions in depressive and psychopathological symptomatology better than either of these variables alone. The implications of these findings for psychotherapy research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

文创产品的信息传播与感知差异性研究——以青年群体的视角为例

为探析普通消费者对文创产品的感性认知差异,从消费末端探究文创产品开发的基本依据。在以往研究和专家深度访谈基础上建构了青年群体对文创产品感性认知的基本框架,具体表现在基本信息、产品特征与使用方法三个方面,在每个层面采用两个变量对其进行解释并形成最终量表。以一个经典文创产品“书灯”(Lumio)为研究对象,通过问卷调查与同步的深度访谈系统收集用户反馈数据,以统计学软件SPSS19.00的独立样本T检定模块进行统计学分析。结果发现,对青年群体而言,性别因素导致对文创产品的感性认知差异主要集中在产品特征和使用方法上;专业背景因素导致的感性认知差异主要集中在基本信息和使用方法上;而产品的IP辨识度因素并没有在青年群体中带来对文创产品的感性认知差异。     

基于辽代瓷器感知意象的文化设计特征研究

目的基于辽代瓷器的感知意象,分析其所具备的文化设计特征。方法首先,通过辽代瓷器的视觉要素对七十五个样本进行编码,再运用集群分析法确定代表性样本十六个。其次,经文献整理,归纳出辽代瓷器感性语义形容词十二组,并设计成辽代瓷器感知意象调查问卷。再运用语义差异法将感知意象量化分析,确定样本所在的语义空间,并归纳为四种感知意象。结论综合分析辽代瓷器四种感知意象的文化设计特征。典雅意象,器形端庄高雅,以长颈瓶为主,色调淡雅,以白色为主,纹样多为植物花卉纹;情趣意象,器形精巧趣味,色调艳丽,以辽三彩釉色为主,纹样多为可爱动物纹;豪迈意象,器形硬朗豪放,以鸡冠壶为主,色调较为厚重,纹样古朴抽象;华丽意象,器形新颖独特,色彩纯度彩度较高,纹样传统对称。本研究为以民族器物为创意出发的文创设计,提供契合年轻消费者感性认知的文化设计特征。     

BP神经网络在程控切纸机整体造型感性设计中的运用

目的运用计算机图形设计和逻辑运算方法建立用户需求与造型设计要素之间的数理联系,对程控切纸机产品进行更科学的造型设计与评价,使设计流程更加严谨。方法以语义差异法和因子分析法归纳用户感性意象评价,以形态分析法解构程控切纸机整体造型设计要素,建立感性评价矩阵,用以训练BP神经网络。结果测试后发现网络正确映射了感性意象和设计要素之间的关系,用该网络模型进行模拟预测,得到关于"高档的—低端的"感性评价最大值和最小值,对应的造型设计要素组合能给设计"高档"风格的程控切纸机提供理性支撑。结论将用户模糊不清的情感转化为定量的数据,弥补原先设计流程中单纯凭设计者主观经验去比较和评价设计方案的不足,为大型机电产品整体造型设计提供科学的设计方法。     

基于造型美学的牙科椅意象造型设计

目的提升牙科椅的情感价值,满足患者以及医护人员的感性诉求,提出基于造型美学的牙科椅意象造型设计方法。方法通过李克特量表对具有代表性的感性意象词汇对进行量化处理,采用形态分析法提取牙科椅的造型设计要素,并将提取的造型设计要素分解为造型设计类目,结合SPSS软件,运用多元线性回归方法建立感性语义与造型设计类目的关联;分析整理得出造型设计类目得分,得分值的大小体现了造型设计要素对感性语义的贡献程度;在此基础上,运用造型美学设计的加法和减法对感性语义贡献最大的设计要素类目进一步分析研究,得出满足用户感性需求的牙科椅造型设计关键点。结论这些优化点有助于牙科椅造型的精准化设计,也为后续牙科椅造型设计系统的建立提供理论依据。