The effect of reaction conditions on montmorillonite-catalysed peptide formation

Oligomerization of glycine (gly) and diglycine (gly₂) on montmorillonite was performed as cyclic, drying-wetting process at temperatures below 100°C, under varying reaction conditions. The influence of substrate/clay ratio, temperature and pH was found to be different for amino acid (AA) dimerization, cyclic anhydride (CA) formation and peptide chain elongation. High temperatures and neutral pH favour CA formation over diglycine production. An AA/catalyst ratio of 0.2 mmol/g leads to optimal yields. This supports the assumption that amino acid dimerization and CA formation take place at the edges of clay particles. Peptide chain elongation, starting from gly₂, produces higher yields at higher temperatures and neutral pH.     

粗四氯化钛除钒工艺现状及进展

论述了海绵钛和钛白生产中四氯化钛精制除钒工艺生产现状和研究进展,从技术、经济和环保角度对几种主要的除钒方法进行了综合性的评价和探讨。     

北京地面沉降与地下水开采时空演变对比

区域地面沉降是世界上很多城市都要面对的一种"城市病"。地下水过量开采是这一问题最普遍的原因,北京也因此出现了严重的地面沉降问题。为了全面认识地下水开采格局变化下的地面沉降发育分布的新特点,推动实现《北京地面沉降防治规划(2013-2020年)》中的"控沉目标",对北京市从解放初期至今60多年间的地下水开采和地面沉降演变进行了时间和空间上的定性定量对比分析。结果表明:地面沉降的形成发展阶段与地下水开发利用阶段高度吻合;地面沉降中心区与地下水位降落漏斗区的时空变化高度相关;随着地下水开采深度整体上向地表以下更深层发展,主沉降层逐渐向深部(100m以下)地层转移,为地面沉降防控决策制定提供了依据。     

H_5N_1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的克隆及分子进化分析

目的　克隆H5N1 亚型禽流感病毒HA基因并进行分子进化分析。方法　应用RT PCR方法 ,以 2株H5N1 亚型禽流感病毒RNA为模板 ,扩增了HA全基因cDNA。将HAcDNA基因克隆于pUCm T载体 ,并对其进行了测序。结果　所克隆的HA基因全长为 1731bp ,共编码 5 6 8个氨基酸。将该毒株与其它 10株H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列核苷酸及氨基酸进行比较 ,其核苷酸同源性在 80 5 %～ 99 2 %之间 ,氨基酸序列同源性在 89 4 %～98 6 %之间。高致病性毒株HA基因裂解位点存在多个碱性氨基酸插入。结论　为禽流感基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了基础 ,同时通过分子进化分析也揭示了各毒株间的亲缘关系。     

电站取水河段长时段的泥沙淤积特性研究（注：研究生论坛）

摘 要:为解决将数学模型运用于电站取水口长时段内的河床演变问题,从而引起计算效率与精度不足的缺陷。本文采用基于隐式与显式结合的算法,探索河道长时段的泥沙淤积特性,建立能模拟长时段河床演变的水沙数学模型,并将该模型应用于昭化电站取水河段泥沙冲淤模拟。通过物理模型与数学模型在不同频率洪水下取水口水位和流速的比较结果,表明此数学模型可以较好模拟取水口水流特性;通过预测昭化电站拉沙方案与不拉沙方案下取水河段运行多年后的河床演变,结果表明此数学模型模拟结果与实际工程结果相似,符合客观规律,能较好模拟河段的泥沙问题。     

基于交叉突变算子的人工蜂群算法及其应用

人工蜂群（artificial bee colony,ABC）算法在解决多峰函数优化问题时经常会陷入局部最优,使得算法过早停滞,而在解决单峰问题时往往出现收敛速度过慢的问题。针对上述不足,为了进一步提高算法的优化性能,提出了一种基于交叉突变的人工蜂群（intersect mutation ABC,IMABC）算法。IMABC算法将整个蜂群依据其适应度值优劣进行划分,引入种群划分参数,对不同种群中的个体运用交叉突变算子,有效地平衡了种群的局部开采与全局探测能力,避免早熟收敛和提高收敛速度。从对基本函数的测试上可以看出,IMABC相对于GABC、IABC、ABC/best等改进的ABC算法,优化能力有了较大的提高。最后,将IMABC用于优化K-means算法,验证了该方法具有一定的实用性。     

一种混合的离散细菌菌落优化算法

为了利用细菌算法解决组合优化问题, 提出了一种混合的离散细菌菌落优化算法。根据现有细菌优化算法, 设计一种新的个体编码方式及进化模式, 通过设计种群的自适应调整因子增强个体活力, 并融合禁忌搜索算法, 克服算法易于陷入过早收敛的不足, 并与其他算法在Taillard标准调度测试问题集上比较实验, 验证了算法的有效性。仿真结果表明, 该算法可以搜索到问题的最优组合, 能够有效避免算法陷入局部最优, 取得了满意的结果。     

云数据库中基于极大熵差分进化的负载评估算法

由于分布式关系型数据库基于两阶段提交协议的设计方式,使得系统如出现单节点瓶颈问题,数据库事务将全部回滚,从而造成巨大的系统开销,影响数据库在大数据环境下的应用。针对这一现状,提出一种基于极大熵差分进化的负载评估算法,利用评价函数法,将多目标优化问题转化为不可微的单目标优化问题,再利用极大熵函数,将不可微优化问题转化为一个带有参数的无约束优化问题,最后用差分进化算法对其进行求解,找出节点资源最优集,从而为过载节点的数据迁移提供了理论依据,也进一步实现了对云数据库的设计。实验结果表明,该算法能够提高系统的整体性能,有效避免单节点瓶颈问题。     

Contributions to the Ohmic Drop in the Electrolysis of ZnCl2 in a Molten Chloride Electrolyte

The electrowinning of zinc from zinc chloride with a molten chloride electrolyte was investigated. The electrolysis of zinc chloride shows ohmic limitations. The energy consumption is to a large extent determined by the anodic reaction, the evolution of chlorine. The chlorine gas plume was visualised in a see-through furnace and images were analysed to determine the plume angle. This parameter serves as an input parameter for a model to determine the ohmic contributions of the electrolyte, the plume and a layer of chlorine bubbles sticking to the anode, as well as the plume velocity. The results indicate that the major contribution (60%) to the ohmic drop is due to a stagnant layer of bubbles growing and sticking to the anode, thereby decreasing the effective anode area by coverage. The plume velocity influences coverage characteristics to some extent, which influences the ohmic drop.     

Electrosynthèse des ions peroxodiphosphate sous potentiel constant ou pulsé

Electrosynthesis of peroxodiphosphate ions (P2O84–) was performed in 2m K3PO4, 1m K2HPO4 medium, using a platinum anode. The results showed that under conditions of potentiostatic polarization at constant potential, the reaction rate reaches a maximum value of 125mAcm–2 and a faradaic yield of 30%. From about 1.9V, the reaction kinetics are increasingly inhibited as the potential shifts positively. Rapid scanning potential voltammetry was used to characterize the oxidation state of the electrode surface. This method shows that the growth of (PtO) and (PtO2 or PtO3) oxides depend on the applied potential. It also establishes a correlation between the inhibition of P2O84– ion electrosynthesis and the oxide coating surface. When 2×10–3m KSCN is added to the solution, some oxygen evolution sites are selectively blocked and oxide occurs at more positive potential values. Consequently, the rate of peroxodiphosphate ion formation and the faradaic efficiency are increased to 380mAcm–2 and 75%, respectively. Under pulsed potential conditions it was possible to reach 1200mAcm–2 for P2O84– ion electrosynthesis with a faradaic yield of 82%.