爆炸冲击能和膨胀能破岩作用机理研究

为研究岩石破碎过程中爆炸应力波与爆生气体膨胀的作用，进行了耦合装药爆破实验。结果表明，耦合装药爆破时爆炸冲击能（Ｅｓ）和部分膨胀能（Ｅｂ）进行冲击加载，在介质中依次激起原生和次生爆炸应力波。不同Ｅｓ／Ｅｂ比值条件下，介质爆破致裂效果与破碎质量出现明显差异的主要原因，是这两个应力波加载水平发生了变化，进而影响到介质的爆破破裂行为。由此认为，Ｅｓ和部分Ｅｂ在破岩过程中所起的主要作用，是通过应力波与缺陷相互作用使岩石产生破裂的方式进行的；以（准）静态形式存在的部分Ｅｂ的主要作用，是促使爆破块度与岩体分离。     

旋转唇形密封机理及其泄漏原因

通过对旋转唇形密封机理从微观和宏观模型方面加以分析，可以了解密封产生泄漏的原理，从旋转唇形密封制造、安装、润滑油使用，轴的加工等多方面来了解密封可能产生具体泄漏原因，从而为我们在实际工作中如何防止泄漏提供很好的指导作用。     

一种高温复合固硫剂的研制及机理分析

对自行研制的一种高温复合固硫剂进行了燃煤高温固硫试验。结果表明:在1200℃的条件下,对实验用无烟煤(含硫量0.74%)和烟煤(含硫量0.659%)燃烧20min,其高温固硫率分别高达75%、67%,较相同条件下的普通钙基固硫剂的固硫率提高25%以上。对固硫产物的XRD、偏光显微镜下分析表明,该固硫剂固硫效率高的主要原因是:(1)大大减少了高温下氧化钙的烧结僵化;(2)生成了高温稳定的含硫矿物相;(3)使易分解的硫酸钙被高温熔体所包裹。由于该固硫剂主要由天然矿物所组成,具有来源广、成本低廉等优势,因而具有极高的应用价值和市场推广潜力。     

组合型复合地基应力分析

介绍了由CFG桩和夯实水泥土桩组成的组合型复合地基的承载机理,用有限元方法分析了复合地基中桩及桩间土的应力情况,并与试验结果进行对比,两者比较接近。     

剪胀底臌机理与控制对策研究

研究表明,巷道底臌有挤压、挠曲、膨胀和剪胀等形式,剪胀底臌是最常见的一种形式.根据巷道围岩本构关系,建立了剪胀底臌力学模型及分析计算简图,根据岩土体主动和被动压力作用原理,导出了巷道底板塑性区发展范围、深度及底板压力解析计算式.经计算分析、数值模拟、工程实测等方法的对比,验证了解析计算方法和工程实际的拟合性,为剪胀型底臌治理提供了理论依据.     

Mechanisms and models for anaerobic granulation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been employed in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment for decades. However, the long start-up period required for the development of anaerobic granules seriously limits the application of this technology. In order to develop the strategy for rapid UASB start-up, the mechanisms for anaerobic granulation should be understood. This paper attempts to provide a up-to-date review on the existing mechanisms and models for anaerobic granulation in the UASB reactor, which include inert nuclei model, selection pressure model, multi-valence positive ion-bonding model, synthetic and natural polymer-bonding model, Capetown's model, spaghetti theory, syntrophic microcolony model, multi-layer model, secondary minimum adhesion model, local dehydration and hydrophobic interaction model, surface tension model, proton translocation-dehydration theory, cellular automaton model and cell-to-cell communication model. Based on those previous works, a general model for anaerobic granulation is also proposed. It is expected that this paper would be helpful for researchers to further develop a unified theory for anaerobic granulation and technology for expediting the formation of the UASB granules.     

The contribution of biotic and abiotic processes during azo dye reduction in anaerobic sludge

Azo dye reduction results from a combination of biotic and abiotic processes during the anaerobic treatment of dye containing effluents. Biotic processes are due to enzymatic reactions whereas the chemical reaction is due to sulfide. In this research, the relative impact of the different azo dye reduction mechanisms was determined by investigating the reduction of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and Reactive Red 2 (RR2) under different conditions. Reduction rates of two azo dyes were compared in batch assays over a range of sulphide concentrations in the presence of living or inactivated anaerobic granular sludge. Biological dye reduction followed zero order kinetics and chemical dye reduction followed second-order rate kinetics as a function of sulfide and dye concentration. Chemical reduction of the dyes was greatly stimulated in the presence of autoclaved sludge: whereas chemical dye reduction was not affected by living or gamma-irradiated-sludge. Presumably redox-mediating enzyme cofactors released by cell lysis contributed to the stimulatory effect. This hypothesis was confirmed in assays evaluating the chemical reduction of AO7 utilizing riboflavin, representative of the heat stable redox-mediating moieties of common occurring flavin enzyme cofactors. Sulfate influenced dye reduction in accordance to biogenic sulfide formation from sulfate reduction. In assays lacking sulfur compounds, dye reduction only readily occurred in the presence of living granular sludge, demonstrating the importance of enzymatic mechanisms. Both chemical and biological mechanisms of dye reduction were greatly stimulated by the addition of the redox-mediating compound, anthraquinone-disulfonate. Based on an analysis of the kinetics and demonstration in lab-scale upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactors, the relative importance of chemical dye reduction mechanisms in high rate anaerobic bioreactors was shown to be small due to the high biomass levels in the reactors.     

国外城市社会空间演变的动力机制研究综述及政策启示

城市社会空间演变的动力机制问题一直是国外城市社会学、地理学、人口学、规划学等学科研究的热点，形成了各种理论流派。当前，在经济全球化和市场化改革不断深入的背景下，中国城市社会空间正发生类似于西方城市社会空间的演变趋势。因此，对国外城市社会空间演变的动力机制理论进行研究，可以为正在发生的中国城市社会空间问题提供可供借鉴的理论解释，并且也为合理的城市治理公共政策提供理论依据。     

规划设计单位改制与设计市场的思考

科研事业单位在广泛而深入的体制改革中,逐步从计划经济走向市场经济。经营模式的改变,行业垄断地位的动摇,竞争对手的强势,促使规划设计单位树立新的市场经营理念,研究市场经营对策,增强自身竞争能力,建立起符合市场经济规律的经营机制,为规划事业的发展做出更大贡献。     

Selective heavy metals removal from waters by amorphous zirconium phosphate: behavior and mechanism

Selective removal of heavy metals from water has been of considerable concern for several decades. In the present study, the amorphous zirconium phosphate (ZrP) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrography (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as pH-titration experiments. Uptake of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, and zinc onto ZrP was studied by using a polystyrene sulfonic-acid exchanger D-001 as a reference sorbent and Ca(2+) as a competing cation due to its ubiquity in natural or industrial waters. The results indicated that the uptake of heavy metals onto ZrP is essentially an ion-exchange process and dependent upon solution pH. In comparison with D-001, ZrP exhibited more favorable sorption of heavy metals particularly in terms of high selectivity, as indicated by the distribution coefficients of ZrP even several orders higher than D-001 towards heavy metals when calcium ion coexisted at a high level in solution. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic investigation indicated that the uptake of calcium, cadmium, and zinc ions onto ZrP is only driven by the electrostatic interaction, while that of lead ion is possibly dependent upon the inner-sphere complex formation with ZrP. XPS results further elucidated that ZrP displays different sorption affinity towards heavy metals in the same order as selectivity sequence of Pb(2+)>Zn(2+) approximately Cd(2+)>Ca(2+), which can be explained by hard and soft acids and bases (HASB) theory. Moreover, uptake of heavy metals onto ZrP approached to equilibrium quickly and the used ZrP could be readily regenerated for reuse by the dilute HCl solution. Thus, all the results suggest that amorphous ZrP has excellent potential as a sorption material for water treatment.