填料强化A/O工艺处理小城镇污水的实验研究

通过向模拟A/O生化池中投加填料强化该工艺处理小城镇污水的处理效果。结果表明,当O段溶解氧的质量浓度控制在2~3 mg/L,温度控制在28℃,进水p H在7.2~7.8的条件下,该工艺的优化水力停留时间为8 h、污泥回流体积比为20%,模拟装置在该优化工况下运行时,对COD、NH₄⁺-N及TP的平均去除率分别为91.1%、96.3%、73.3%。为提高除磷效果,增加后置化学辅助除磷后,TP平均去除率可达86%,出水中COD、NH(4)⁺-N含量均能达到GB 18918-2002的一级A标准,TP含量能达到一级B标准,去除效果较好。     

硫酸盐还原菌在不同氧环境下对A3钢腐蚀的研究

通过静态培养实验,研究了在不同的氧环境下,硫酸盐还原菌对A3钢腐蚀的规律。实验结果表明,在相同的培养基中,严格厌氧条件下的硫酸盐还原菌对A3钢的腐蚀速率与连续的厌氧-有氧交替变换条件下的硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀的速率相差不是十分明显。     

含菌介质中MDOPD对SRB菌及生物膜腐蚀的抑制作用

用动电位扫描极化曲线、原子力显微镜和电子探针等方法研究了SRB生物膜在培养基介质中对于含咪唑杂环的双季铵盐化合物MDOPD的敏感性．结果表明：含菌介质中，MDOPD吸附在电极表面，形成完整致密的有机保护膜，对电极的腐蚀反应具有良好的抑制作用，SRB的代谢及腐蚀产物也难以在电极表面直接吸附和沉积，从而降低了SRB生长代谢的次生过程（包括酸浸蚀等）对腐蚀的促进作用；同时也降低了介质中的SRB参与碳钢腐蚀的机会．     

Biofilm Responses to Flow Regulation by Dams in Mediterranean Rivers

Dams regulate downstream hydrology and modify water quality, which in turn can impinge on the biota, especially in rivers naturally subject to large hydrological variability, such as those under Mediterranean climate. The effect of dams on biofilms was analysed in three tributaries (Cinca, Siurana and Montsant) of the Ebro River (NE Spain). We hypothesized that flow regulation would lead to lower spatial variability of biofilms on the streambed and to a decrease in their metabolic rate per unit biomass, especially during low flow periods. Biofilm characteristics were studied in five transects evenly spaced along river reaches upstream (control) and downstream (impact) of dams in each river, along with riverbed granulometry, hydraulics and water chemistry. Chlorophyll‐a, respiratory activity, photosynthetic capacity and efficiency, and extracellular enzymatic activities (β‐d ‐glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase) of epilithic biofilms were measured in different seasons. Spatial variability of chemical and biological variables was reduced downstream of the dams. Chlorophyll‐a concentration, photosynthetic efficiency and respiration capacity were higher in impact than in control reaches, but generally, low inorganic phosphorus concentrations resulted in comparable phosphatase activities downstream and upstream of dams. On the other hand, β‐d ‐glucosidase and leucine‐amino‐peptidase activities were higher at impact reaches. Biofilms were thicker and metabolically more active at the impact reaches, with higher ability to transform dissolved organic matter. Overall, results from this study provide evidence that dams can largely affect the structure and activity of river biofilms, with foreseeable important consequences for river ecosystem functioning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铜绿假单胞菌对2205双相不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

将具有(111)择优取向的岛状奥氏体相嵌入连续铁素体的2205双相不锈钢(2205 DSS)工作面浸泡在铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa)中进行电化学测试,研究浸泡时间对2205 DSS 微生物腐蚀行为的影响。开路电位(OCP)、线性极化电阻(LPR)以及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)表明,在7 d浸泡期的无菌溶液中测得的E_OCP、极化电阻(R_p)和电荷转移电阻(R_ct)均比在有菌溶液中的大,表明铜绿假单胞菌加速了2205 DSS的腐蚀。动电位极化曲线表明,2205 DSS在无菌和有菌溶液中的维钝电流密度(i_p)都随着浸泡时间的延长而不断增大,且在浸泡1 d、3 d、7 d的每个时间点有菌溶液的i_p均比无菌环境的大,进一步证明铜绿假单胞菌加速了2205 DSS的腐蚀进程。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明,在有菌溶液中随着浸泡时间的延长表面粘附的细菌量逐渐增多,浸泡3 d后样品表面的细菌聚集成一个个小团簇,浸泡7 d菌落进一步聚集形成细菌生物膜。对腐蚀后样品表面局部腐蚀形貌的观察发现,细菌生物膜的形成加速了表面局部腐蚀的发生,导致严重的局部腐蚀。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,在存在铜绿假单胞菌的条件下2205 DSS表面形成溶于水的CrO₃,使MIC点蚀发生。     

高效好氧生物技术及其在污水处理中的应用

近年来好氧生物技术得到了不断的发展,出现许多高效的、可处理难降解甚至有毒废水的好氧生物技术。本文主要综述了3种从不同方面实现高效降解有机废水的好氧生物处理技术:移动床生物膜反应器、加压曝气技术以及膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用进展,并概括了各自的优缺点,最后对这3种生物工艺的发展进行了展望。     

Isolation of bacterial metabolites as natural inducers for larval settlement in the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell)

The bacterial component of marine biofilms plays an important role in the induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that bacterial metabolites comprise the chemical signal for larval settlement. Bacteria were isolated from biofilms, purified and cultured according to standard procedures. Bacterial metabolites were isolated from spent culture broth by chloroform extraction as well as by closed-loop stripping and adsorption of volatile components on surface-modified silica gel. A pronounced biological activity was exclusively observed when concentrated metabolites were adsorbed on activated charcoal. Larvae did not respond to waterborne metabolites when prevented from contacting the bacterial film surface. These results indicate that an association of the chemical signal with a sorbent-like substratum may be an essential cofactor for the expression of biological activity. The functional role of bacterial exopolymers as an adsorptive matrix for larval settlement signals is discussed.     

氯、亚氯酸盐控制氯胺消毒管网硝化作用效果

采用2台串联环状生物膜培养反应器(biofilm annular reactor,BAR)模拟氯胺消毒给水管网系统,通过对余氯、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、DO、异养菌(heterotropic,HPC)及亚硝化菌(amnoniu-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)等指标进行检测,共同评价氯和亚氯酸盐2种消毒剂对氯胺消毒管网中硝化作用的控制效果.试验结果表明,出厂水再投氯消毒可造成NH4+-N降解,使得NO2--N和NO3--N产生积累;再投亚氯酸盐更易提高管网中余氯和DO的质量浓度,使得NO2--N和NO3--N质量浓度降低,可有效地控制硝化作用;与投加氯消毒时相比,投加0.6 mg/L亚氯酸盐时,第1台BAR中悬浮和生物膜中HPC分别平均降低了2.58 log和2.86 log,悬浮及生物膜中AOB降低约1 log,亚氯酸盐能对AOB起到控制灭活效果而等量氯对其几乎没有灭活效果.因此,在控制管网硝化作用方面,亚氯酸盐与氯胺联用的消毒效果优于氯与氯胺.     

卵砾石生态河床对河流水质净化和生态修复的效果

为研究卵砾石生态河床在河流原位水质净化和生态修复中的效果,选择位于宜兴市大浦镇的林庄港作为试验河道进行原位观测,对比分析了卵砾石生态河床河段和自然河床河段中的生源要素变化规律和水生生物生长状况。试验结果表明:卵砾石生态河床河段对污染物质的截留效果明显好于自然河床河段,对氨氮和总磷的截留率可分别达到37%和25%,卵砾石生态河床的构建可显著提高河道的自净能力;卵砾石生态河床河段水生植被的生长密度和覆盖率均达到良好的水平,大型底栖无脊椎动物在敏感物种数、分类单元数和生物数量密度等方面均优于自然河段的;卵砾石生态河床为水生植物、底栖动物和附着生物等水生生物提供了适宜的栖息环境,对河流生态系统的健康起到了较好的改善作用。