Laplace变换求解成层土中污染物一维扩散问题

成层土中污染物的迁移规律较为复杂,将其简化为一维扩散模型。运用Laplace变换和Laplace数值逆变换方法进行了求解,编制了计算程序。计算结果可以退化到单层土的情况,结论与经典的理论解完全一致。通过与现有用数值软件计算结果的对比,检验了解答的正确性;采用的计算方法对一室内试验结果进行了模拟,计算结果和实测数据较为吻合,证明所提方法的可靠性。求解方法可用于求解更为复杂的边界条件下的污染物迁移问题。     

衰减源作用下固结压力及吸附参数对污染物运移规律的影响

固结变形会导致粘土防渗层的结构特性和渗透特性发生改变,影响渗流场和浓度场的分布,进而影响污染物在防渗层中的运移规律。在比奥固结理论的基础上,考虑线性吸附模式,研究了污染物在小变形土体中的运移规律,分析了衰减源作用下,固结压力与线性吸附系数对污染物运移过程的影响。结果表明,与不考虑固结作用相比,固结作用延迟了污染物的运移,使得污染物运移深度减小,并且随着固结压力的增大,固结作用对污染物运移的延迟作用逐渐增强;在线性吸附模式情况下,污染物运移深度减小率随着吸附系数的减小逐渐增大,说明固结作用对污染物运移的延迟作用随着吸附系数的减小而越来越凸显。     

Fluid, heat and contaminant transport structures of laminar double-diffusive mixed convection in a two-dimensional ventilated enclosure

The objective of the present work is to investigate the characteristics of the airflow and heat/contaminant transport structures in the indoor air environment by means of a convection transport visualization technique. Laminar double-diffusive mixed convection in a two-dimensional displacement ventilated enclosure with discrete heat and contaminant sources is numerically studied. Based on the governing equations, the fluid, heat, and contaminant transport processes are respectively described by the corresponding streamfunction, heatfunction, and massfunction. Attentions are given to analyze the effects of the main factors—the strength of heat source indicated by the Grashof number (Gr), the strength of contaminant source by the buoyancy ratio (Br), the strength of ventilation by the Reynolds number (Re), and the ventilation mode—on the indoor air environment. Numerical results, presented by the contour function lines, namely, streamlines, heatlines, and masslines, illustrated that the indoor air, heat and contaminant transport structures are mainly determined by the interaction between the internal buoyancy natural convection induced by the discrete heat/contaminant sources and the external forced convection driven by the mechanical ventilation. It is found that the convection transport method could explicitly disclose the complicated philosophy of indoor air environment, and thus provides a simple but practical approach to see the indoor airflow and heat and contaminant transport structures.     

A screening level fate model of organic contaminants from advanced water treatment in a potable water supply reservoir

Augmentation of potable water sources by planned indirect potable reuse of wastewater is being widely considered to address growing water shortages. Environmental buffers such as lakes and dams may act as one of a series of barriers to potable water contamination stemming from micropollutants in wastewater. In South-East Queensland, Australia, current government policy is to begin indirect potable reuse of water from reverse osmosis equipped advanced water treatment plants (AWTPs) when the combined capacity of its major storages is at 40% capacity. A total of 15 organic contaminants including NDMA and bisphenol A have been publically reported as detected in recycled water from one of South-East Queensland’s AWTPs, while another 98 chemicals were analysed for, but found to be below their detection limit. To assess the natural attenuation in Lake Wivenhoe, a Level III fugacity based evaluative fate model was constructed using the maximum concentrations of these contaminants detected as input data. A parallel aquivalence based model was constructed for those contaminants, such as dichloroacetic acid, dalapon and triclopyr, which are ionised in the environment of Lake Wivenhoe. A total of 247 organic chemicals of interest, including disinfection by-products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, xenoestrogens and industrial chemicals, were evaluated with the model to assess their potential for natural attenuation. Out of the 15 detected chemicals, trihalomethanes are expected to volatilise with concentrations in the outflow from the dam approximately 400 times lower than influent from the AWTPs. Transformation processes in water are likely to be more significant for NDMA and pharmaceuticals such as salicylic acid and paracetamol as well as for caffeine and the herbicides dalapon and triclopyr. For hydrophobic contaminants such as cholesterol and phenolic xenoestrogens such as 4-nonylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol and bisphenol A, equilibrium between water and sediments will not be attained and hence fate processes such as removal in outflow are predicted to become relatively important.     

Pilot-scale evaluation of ozone and biological activated carbon for trace organic contaminant mitigation and disinfection

In an effort to validate the use of ozone for contaminant oxidation and disinfection in water reclamation, extensive pilot testing was performed with ozone/H₂O₂ and biological activated carbon (BAC) at the Reno-Stead Water Reclamation Facility in Reno, Nevada. Three sets of samples were collected over a five-month period of continuous operation, and these samples were analyzed for a suite of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), total estrogenicity, and several microbial surrogates, including the bacteriophage MS2, total and fecal coliforms, and Bacillus spores. Based on the high degree of microbial inactivation and contaminant destruction, this treatment train appears to be a viable alternative to the standard indirect potable reuse (IPR) configuration (i.e., membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, UV/H₂O₂, and aquifer injection), particularly for inland applications where brine disposal is an issue. Several issues, including regrowth of coliform bacteria in the BAC process, must be addressed prior to full-scale implementation.     

我国四类衬垫系统防污性能的比较分析

对我国填埋场采用的四类衬垫进行了防污性能的比较分析。评价参数包括渗漏率、污染物击穿时间及衬垫系统底部浓度值。除了2m压实黏土衬垫(CCL)外,其余3种均为包含土工膜(GM)的复合衬垫。分析模型采用了污染物通过有缺陷膜复合衬垫的一维运移解析解。以镉离子(Cd2+)为渗滤液中重金属离子的代表;以苯为其中挥发性有机污染物的代表。研究表明土工复合膨润土垫(GCL)复合衬垫的渗漏率最小,2m黏土最大,两者的差别可在3～5个数量级。GCL复合衬垫对重金属离子具有较好的防污性能,尤其是在高水头及复合衬垫接触较差的情形。厚度较大的2m黏土对挥发性有机污染物的防污性能较好,其击穿时间要比GCL复合衬垫大2～3个数量级。随着水头的增大,CCL复合衬垫的防污性能逐渐地优于2m黏土。在10m水头作用下,CCL复合衬垫底部的100年浓度可比2m黏土小近一个量级。单层膜衬垫的防污性能较差,不适合作为填埋场的衬垫系统。控制填埋场复合衬垫的施工质量和渗滤液水头尤为重要。     

硅研磨片超声波清洗技术的研究

介绍了硅研磨片清洗的重要性,分析了影响硅研磨片质量的主要因素,即金属杂质和各种污染物.重点分析了硅研磨片表面沾污的原因,并且通过大量的实验分析得到了活性剂和碱性清洗液、去离子水的最佳体积比是0.20:1.00:10.0,清洗的最佳时间为3 min～5 min和最佳温度范围为40℃～50℃.     

浅谈水污染对人体健康的影响与危害

本文以国内外有关文献报道以及笔者在实践中总结的经验为基础，论述了水污染对人体健康的影响与危害，进一步强调了水资源保护的地位和重要意义。     

钢包炉（LF）精炼渣的作用及特性分析

介绍了钢包炉（ＬＦ）精炼渣的组成，并确定了用于不同钢种的渣料配比，理化性能及其精炼效果，为生产高洁净钢改善了精炼条件。     

STRAINS OF YEAST LETHAL TO BREWERY YEASTS

Strains of yeast that are lethal to brewery ale and lager yeasts have been isolated from production-scale two-stage stirred continuous fermentors. These strains release a “killer” factor which is highly active in the pH range 3.8–4.2. When the level of infection reaches 2% the concentration of killer factor is sufficient to give a selective advantage in continuous fermentation, whereupon the proportion of killer yeasts rises and the brewery yeast is rapidly killed. The beer acquires a characteristic off-flavour which has been described as “herbal/phenolic”. Both flocculent and non-flocculent killer strains have been found and these show the characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but appear to ferment additional wort sugar(s), have an abormally small cell-size and are pleomorphic in mixed culture.