某岩金矿山地应力、覆盖岩层与井巷稳固性的关系研究

介绍了我国南方某黄金矿山采用无底柱分段崩落采矿法,对在开采生产中所遇到的各方面围岩稳固性问题,即矿床开采技术条件、地应力、覆盖岩层与井巷稳固性的关系进行了分析研究,以便于在今后矿山生产中,掌握并应用其规律,达到安全、高效、经济地开发矿产资源之目的。     

Milk yield,quality, and coagulation properties of 6 breeds of goats: Environmental and individual variability

Goat milk and cheese production is continuously increasing and milk composition and coagulation properties (MCP) are useful tools to predict cheesemaking aptitude. The present study was planned to investigate the extension of lactodynamographic analysis up to 60 min in goat milk, to measure the farm and individual factors, and to investigate differences among 6 goat breeds. Daily milk yield (dMY) was recorded and milk samples collected from 1,272 goats reared in 35 farms. Goats were of 6 different breeds: Saanen and Camosciata delle Alpi for the Alpine type, and Murciano-Granadina, Maltese, Sarda, and Sarda Primitiva for the Mediterranean type. Milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, pH; somatic cell score; logarithmic bacterial count) and MCP [rennet coagulation time (RCT, min), curd-firming time (k₂₀, min), curd firmness at 30, 45, and 60 min after rennet addition (a₃₀, a₄₅, and a₆₀, mm)] were recorded, and daily fat and protein yield (dFPY g/d) was calculated as the sum of fat and protein concentration multiplied by the dMY. Data were analyzed using different statistical models to measure the effects of farm, parity_, stage of lactation and breed; lastly, the direct and the indirect effect of breed were quantified by comparing the variance of breed from models with or without the inclusion of linear regression of fat, protein, lactose, pH, bacterial, somatic cell counts, and dMY. Orthogonal contrasts were performed to compare least squares means. Almost all traits exhibited high variability, with coefficients of variation between 32 (for RCT) and 63% (for a₃₀). The proportion of variance regarding dMY, dFPY, and milk composition due to the farm was moderate, whereas for MCP it was low, except for a₆₀, at 69%. Parity affected both yield and quality traits of milk, with least squares means of dMY and dFPY showing an increase and RCT and curd firmness traits a decrease from the first to the last parity class. All milk quality traits, excluding fat, were affected by the stage of lactation; RCT and k₂₀ decreased rapidly and a₃₀ was higher from the first to the last part of lactation. Alpine breeds showed the highest dMY and dFPY but Mediterranean the best percentage of protein, fat, and lactose and a shorter k₂₀ and a greater a₃₀. Among the Mediterranean goats, Murciano-Granadina goats had the highest milk yield, fat, and protein contents, whereas Maltese, Sarda, and Sarda Primitiva were characterized by much more favorable technological properties in terms of k₂₀, a₃₀, and a₄₅. In conclusion, as both the farm and individual factors highly influenced milk composition and MCP traits, improvements of these traits should be based both on modifying management and individual goat factors. As expected, several differences were attributable to the breed effect, with the best milk production for the Alpines and milk quality and coagulation for the Mediterranean goats.     

A method for the inline measurement of milk gel firmness using an optical sensor

At present, selection of cutting time during cheesemaking is made based on subjective methods, which has effects on product homogeneity and has prevented complete automation of cheesemaking. In this work, a new method for inline monitoring of curd firmness is presented. The method consisted of developing a model that correlates the backscatter ratio of near infrared light during milk coagulation with the rheological storage modulus. The model was developed through a factorial design with 2 factors: protein concentration (3.4 and 5.1%) and coagulation temperature (30 and 40°C). Each treatment was replicated 3 times; the model was calibrated with the first replicate and validated using the remaining 2 replicates. The coagulation process was simultaneously monitored using an optical sensor and small-amplitude oscillatory rheology. The model was calibrated and successfully validated at the different protein concentrations and coagulation temperatures studied, predicting the evolution of storage modulus during milk coagulation with coefficient of determination values >0.998 and standard error of prediction values <3.4 Pa. The results demonstrated that the proposed method allows inline monitoring of curd firming in cheesemaking and cutting the curd at a proper firmness to each type of cheese.     

大叶麻竹笋腌制过程中质地变软原因探究

以大叶麻竹笋为原料,研究其腌制过程中总酸、水分含量、NaCl含量、乙醇不溶物含量、原果胶含量、纤维素含量和木质素含量与硬度的关系。同时,对样品腌制过程中的微观结构进行观察。结果表明：大叶麻竹笋腌制过程中硬度的变化与总酸含量、NaCl含量、乙醇不溶物含量、原果胶含量和纤维素含量密切相关。同时,大叶麻竹笋腌制过程中组织微观结构发生明显的变化。     

壳聚糖和纳米SiOx处理对采后脐橙果实硬度的影响

探讨壳聚糖、纳米SiOx及两者复合处理对采后“Fengji”脐橙果实贮藏期间硬度的影响,同时,通过测定贮藏期间脐橙果皮中与细胞壁结构相关的物质含量及酶活性的变化,揭示壳聚糖、纳米SiOx及两者复合处理保持脐橙果实硬度的机制。结果表明,1.5%壳聚糖、0.08%纳米SiOx及两者复合处理能显著抑制脐橙果实贮藏期间硬度的降低,复合处理的效果最佳。3 种处理均能延缓脐橙果皮中原果胶降解,抑制可溶性果胶含量的上升,刺激纤维素和木质素的生成,降低果胶甲酯酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶的活性。说明壳聚糖、SiOx及两者复合处理通过调控脐橙果皮细胞壁结构相关物质的合成与降解,抑制相关酶活性,强化了脐橙果皮细胞壁的强度,抑制了果实硬度的下降。     

Use of alginate or zein as edible coatings to delay postharvest ripening process and to maintain tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill) quality

BACKGROUND: Edible coatings could be effective tools for delaying the ripening process of fruits. Alginate or zein as edible coatings were assayed in tomato in order to maintain parameters related to quality during postharvest storage. RESULTS: Coated tomatoes showed lower respiration rate and ethylene production than control ones, with a twofold lower concentration of ethylene precursor. In addition, the evolution of parameters related to tomato quality losses, such as softening, colour evolution and weight loss, was significantly delayed (4–6 days on average) in coated tomatoes as compared to controls. Thereafter, sugars, organic acids (and especially ascorbic acid) and scores from sensory analysis remained at much higher levels at the end of storage in treated than in control tomatoes. CONCLUSIONS: Coatings based on alginate or zein could be effective tools for delaying the tomato‐ripening process during postharvest storage, and in turn maintaining tomato quality and its acceptability by consumers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

近红外漫反射光谱检测损伤猕猴桃内部品质

研究贮藏期间损伤猕猴桃内部品质与其近红外漫反射光谱之间的关系。利用近红外光谱(12000～4000cm-1)技术和多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、主成分回归(principal component regression,PCR)和偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)3种校正方法分别对损伤华优猕猴桃在2℃条件下贮藏4周期间的可溶性固形物含量、pH值和硬度进行定量分析;并对比吸光度原始光谱、一阶微分和二阶微分3种不同预处理方法的PLS模型校正结果。结果表明：一阶微分预处理方法时,应用PLS建立的可溶性固形物含量、pH值和硬度校正模型的效果最佳;预测集样品预测值与测量值之间的相关系数分别为0.812、0.703、0.919,预测均方根误差分别为0.749、0.153、1.700。说明应用近红外漫反射技术检测贮藏期间损伤猕猴桃的内部品质是可行的。     

不同凝乳时间对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响

凝乳切割强度影响Mozzarella干酪品质,凝乳强度一般通过与之对应的平均凝乳时间(从添加酶到切割凝乳这段时间为凝乳时间)判断。本实验凝乳时间分别设定为30、40、50min,研究凝乳时间对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响。结果表明选用产酸较慢的发酵剂,更长的凝乳时间(切割时更硬的凝乳)导致了干酪中更多的水分含量和更高的干酪产量。同时干酪也具备了更柔软,更光滑均匀的质地。