关于疯牛病系列问题的探讨

本文比较全面系统地阐明了疯牛病(BSE)的六个方面：①BSE的历史、现状和地理分布②BSE的流行病学及其同人和动物的关系;③BSE的感染过程和主要症状;④BSE剖检病变特征;⑤BSE的检验诊断⑥BSE的防制     

Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge

After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous system. However, the timeline of this progression has thus far remained widely undetermined. Previous studies were focused on later time points after oral exposure of animals that were already 4 to 6 months old when challenged. In contrast, in this present study, we have orally inoculated 4 to 6 weeks old unweaned calves with high doses of BSE to identify any possible BSE infectivity and/or PrP^BSE in peripheral nervous tissues during the first eight months post-inoculation (mpi). For the detection of BSE infectivity, we used a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, while PrP^BSE depositions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We were able to show that as early as 8 mpi the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals contained PrP^BSE and BSE infectivity. This shows that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed, and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.     

Backscattered electron detection in environmental SEM

An examination of the backscattered electron imaging status in environmental scanning electron microscopy is presented with particular attention to the testing and use of cerium doped yttrium aluminium garnet and yttrium aluminium perovskite scintillation detectors. A comparison is made with plastic scintillating backscattered electron detectors used previously (Nuclear Enterprises type NE102A scintillator). Semi-disk, strip and wedge shapes of these materials have been tested in conjunction with various light-guide geometries. These systems have been combined with two different types of photomultipliers, which also play a critical role in the total detector efficiency. The advantage of increased light output from the monocrystal materials is gained only if matched with suitable light-guides and photomultipliers. The associated problems are discussed and proposals for further work are made for the construction of most efficient backscattered electron detectors in the environmental scanning electron microscope.     

风力机叶片蒙皮初始裂纹的盲信号提取

针对风力机叶片初始裂纹特征难以提取的问题,提出了一种逐步提取并消减噪声源信号从而获得微弱裂纹故障特征的盲提取方法.首先基于卷积混合模型极小化改进代价函数推导自适应学习迭代算式,在仿真实验中确定非线性激励函数和滤波器的传输函数,根据输出信号的性能参数证明了改进算法对尖峰噪声的异常点更加敏感稳健.在风力机叶片疲劳实验台上模拟叶片蒙皮的初始横向裂纹,通过声发射信号采集系统获得观测信号,分析噪声源的特性并提取了初始裂纹的声发射信号特征,为风力机叶片状态监测和预警提供了依据.     

Color cathodoluminescence display in the scanning electron microscope of deep relief surfaces

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a multifunctional instrument for the measurement of topographic relief on the surface of bulk specimen images. This instrument is also available to detect the physical effects induced by an electron beam into subsurface layers. Space distribution of the physical properties of measured effects in the relative microrelief is a very important problem in the SEM. We describe a method of displaying specimen information in the SEM using the color cathodoluminescence (CCL-SEM) technique nondistorted by relief influence and CCL-SEM images with composite (color and black / white ) contrast using CCL+BSEmode.     

一种新的雷达信号分离技术研究

针对目前传统分选方法无法适应密集、复杂、多变的现代雷达对抗信号环境,提出将雷达信号分选工作搬移到中频段进行、基于快速独立分量分析的雷达信号分选算法,讨论了采样时间的选取对迭代次数、相似系数的影响,验证了算法分离微弱信号的有效性和可行性.同时,强调了基于该法的信号分选可以与信号识别的硬件模块在中频段实现合并化.仿真实验表明,该技术可以很好地分离各种不同调制方式下的脉冲雷达信号以及连续波雷达信号,对传统分选方法难以应付的PRI随机的雷达信号也十分有效.     

Determination of the elemental distribution and chemical speciation in highly heterogeneous cementitious materials using synchrotron-based micro-spectroscopic techniques

Synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) combined with scanning electron microscopy-based energy dispersive micro-analysis (EDS) has been used to determine the elemental distribution of contaminants (e.g., Ni) and of chemical elements inherent to the cement matrix (e.g., Si, Ca, Al, S) in hardened cement paste. Detailed information on the cement microstructure was gained by using backscattered electron (BSE) imaging. The results obtained from the complementary use of micro-XRF, EDS and BSE reveal that Ni is primarily distributed around inner calcium silicate hydrates (inner-C-S-H) and that Ni is preferentially associated with Al. This suggests the formation of a Ni-Al phase and its direct association with inner-C-S-H. Further information on the chemical speciation of Ni in relation to Al and S was obtained at selected regions of interests in the cement matrix using synchrotron-based micro-X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Data analysis shows that Ni is predominantly immobilized in layered double hydroxides, while predominant formation of ettringite was indicated from the Al and S XAS data.The present study demonstrates that the combined use of micro-XRF, BSE, EDS and micro-XAS, opens up a powerful analytical approach to determine the distribution and the speciation of chemical elements in complex heterogeneous cementitious materials on the same region of interest with micro-scale resolution.     

Constrained independent component analysis and its application to machine fault diagnosis

For machine fault diagnosis the signals from working machine are always numerous, even uncountable, but there contains only a little useful information. Hence how to find out the useful signal from numerous signals, including noises, that is, how to only extract the desired fault signal is very attractive. This paper shows that the constrained independent component analysis (cICA) can solely extract desired faulty signal using some prior mechanical information. The methods of creating reference of cICA for machine diagnostics are discussed, and the effectiveness of the method is successfully verified by simulations and experiments.     

混凝土中低合金钢筋腐蚀产物的微结构分析

通过电迁移法加速了混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀进程,并利用背散射电子(BSE)图像和X射线能谱(EDS)对比研究了钢筋-混凝土界面区低合金钢筋和普通低碳钢筋腐蚀产物的微观形貌与分布规律.此外,分析了钢筋的表面状态(含氧化皮和无氧化皮)对其耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:在加速腐蚀作用下,钢筋-混凝土界面区均由腐蚀层、局部点蚀区及腐蚀填充浆体组成;其中,含氧化皮的低碳钢筋腐蚀最严重,表现为生成更厚且分布更广的腐蚀层;而无氧化皮的低合金钢筋的腐蚀层较薄且结构更致密,并在点蚀区出现局部Cr元素富集现象,证实其具有最好的耐蚀性能.     

Detection of central nervous system tissue as bovine spongiform encephalopathy specified risk material in traditional Turkish meat products

BACKGROUND: This study used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits to investigate the presence of central nervous system (CNS) tissue in commercial raw and processed traditional Turkish meat products offered for consumption in various markets. RESULTS: Ninety‐six raw traditional Turkish meat products (32 fresh raw beef patties, 32 cig kofta, 32 pastirma) and 64 processed traditional Turkish meat products (32 doner kebabs and 32 fresh processed beef patties) were analysed. CNS tissue was not found in pastirma, doner kebab, or fresh processed beef patty samples. The levels of CNS contamination in fresh raw beef patties were low (0.1% absorbance standard; 3.1%) and moderate (0.2% absorbance standard; 6.2%). The level of contamination in the cig kofta was low (0.1% absorbance standard; 18.8%). CONCLUSION: CNS tissue was present in all raw traditional Turkish meat products except for pastirma. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry