Elastic and inelastic effects in compression in plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings

Four-point bend tests of a plasma-sprayed zircon (ZrSiO₄) coating are presented, the coating being prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) spraying onto a titanium alloy substrate, using a water-stabilized plasma (WSP) torch. The mechanical behavior in compression of the coating material is nonlinear, including hysteresis (9% of the maximum strain) and permanent deformation. The effective in-plane Young’s modulus is about 13 GPa for very small strains and doubles for a compressive strain of −0.18%. Possible micromechanisms to explain this behavior are proposed, and some general protocols concerning the testing of plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings are deduced. Mr. Harok has since left the Institute of Plasma Physics, and can now be contacted at Bontaz Centre CZ, V. Noveho 973, 33701 Rokycany, Czech Republic.     

微波加热Mn-Zn铁氧体粉末压坯的微观机制及特点分析

采用频率为2.45 GHz的微波对Mn-Zn铁氧体粉末压坯进行加热,详细探讨微波加热过程微波场与电介质作用的微观机制以及软磁铁氧体在微波场中的电、磁损耗机理;探讨Mn-Zn氧体粉末压坯在微波场中加热的特点以及微波场E、磁导率μi、介电常数εr等对微波加热温度的影响。Mn-Zn铁氧体是磁性混合介质,在微波场中被加热的根本原因是Mn-Zn铁氧体粉末压坯在微波场作用下,微波电磁能以损耗的方式转化为热能对材料进行加热,这种损耗主要是介电损耗、磁损耗;影响损耗的主要电场因素包括微波电磁场的强度和频率,在特定频率(2.45 GHz)的微波场中,微波功率是Mn-Zn铁氧体加热烧结温度的主要影响因素,功率改变,加热烧结曲线随着变化;影响损耗的材料因素主要是磁导率μi、介电常数εr,两者随温度、频率变化。     

Morphology and micromechanical deformation behavior of styrene–butadiene block copolymers. III. Binary blends of asymmetric star block copolymer with general‐purpose polystyrene

The correlation between morphology, mechanical properties, and micromechanical deformation behavior of the blends consisting of an asymmetric styrene/butadiene star block copolymer (ST2‐S74, total styrene volume content Φ_PS = 0.74) and general‐purpose polystyrene (GPPS) was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and uniaxial tensile testing. Addition of 20 wt % of GPPS to the block copolymer resulted in a drastic reduction in strain at break, indicating the existence of critical PS lamella thickness D_c. Above D_c lamellar block copolymers displayed a transition from ductile to brittle behavior, substantiating the mechanism of thin layer yielding proposed for lamellar star block copolymers. The blends showed a variety of deformation structures ranging from classical crazelike zones to those with internal shearlike components. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1208–1218, 2004     

地聚合物对水泥固化土强度的影响及其机理分析

采用无侧限抗压强度、电镜扫描(SEM)和压汞(MIP)等试验方法,分析研究了地聚合物—偏高岭土(metakaolin)对水泥土的力学强度的影响规律,探讨了其改善水泥土强度的机理,并根据现场测试验证了实用性和经济性。试验结果表明:地聚合物掺入水泥土后,水泥土的无侧限抗压强度得到了大幅度的提高,然而强度与地聚合物掺量之间并非单一线性增加关系,而是由活性区域和惰性区域组成,转折点对应的MK掺量为3%;微观试验结果表明地聚合物掺入能产生更多的胶结物,使水泥土结构更加致密;基于试验数据给出了地聚合物掺量与水泥土强度增长的评价公式。现场测试结果和工程造价分析均表明了地聚合物具有较大的工程实用性。     

成型方法对沥青混凝土力学性质影响的细观研究

基于离散元原理(DEM),利用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D)模拟了沥青混凝土三轴试验静压法和振动法成型制样方法,从细观层面分析了不同制样方法引起沥青混凝土应力应变行为差异的原因。结果表明,制样方法不同,沥青混凝土的细观结构也不同,主要表现为配位数和粘结数不同,从而影响宏观的应力—应变行为。     

Enhancement of the Gelation Properties of Surimi from Yellowtail Seabream (Parargyrops edita,Sparidae) with Chinese Oak Silkworm Pupa,Antheraea pernyi

In this study, the textural properties and micromechanism of yellowtail seabream (Parargyrops edita, Sparidae) surimi, with and without Chinese oak silkworm pupa homogenate (SPH), were investigated at different levels. The fresh, freeze‐dried, and oven‐dried SPH all showed a gel‐enhancing ability in suwari (40/90 °C) and modori (67/90 °C) gels, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Though the drying treatments can improve the storability of SPH, compared with fresh, the effect of the active substance was weakened. Suwari and modori gels added with 5%(w/w, whole product) fresh SPH had the increase in breaking force and deformation by 37.39% and 47.98%, and 85.14% and 78.49%, respectively, compared with the control gel (without SPH addition). The major myofibrillar protein, especially myosin heavy chain (MHC), was better retained by the addition of SPH. Compared the control group, a finer, denser, and more ordered 3‐dimensional gel network microstructure was obtained, and different Df (Fractal dimension) was analyzed by using the box count method. This was found in all samples from 2.838 to 2.864 for suwari gels and 2.795 to 2.857 for modori gels, respectively. Therefore, the modori of yellowtail seabream surimi, linked with endogenous proteases, could be retarded in the presence of SPH, leading to an increase in gel strength.     

CO2对焦炭高温气化影响及微观结构分析

??In order to improve the metallurgical properties of coke in blast furnace smelting and reduce the melting loss of the material by CO2 to reduce the coke ratio?? the effect of CO2 on coke gasification in blast furnace was simulated in laboratory. The changes and specific surface areas of coke under different melting loss conditions were studied and calculated. The results shows that the specific surface area of coke is always increasing when the CO2 concentration is lower. When the CO2 volume fraction is high?? the specific surface area first increases and then decreases. Fourier transform infrared analysis shows that with the increase of CO2 volume concentration?? the macrocyclic aromatics in coke decrease?? and a large amount of gas is generated and volatilized from coke?? accompanied by the formation of other salts. Therefore?? under the condition of constant CO2 volume concentration?? with the increase of reaction time?? the specific surface area of coke increases?? the microstructure changes and the vibration peak of some groups shifts. As a result?? the coke is pulverized and the strength is lowered.     

Deformation micromechanisms of collagen fibrils under uniaxial tension

Collagen, an essential building block of connective tissues, possesses useful mechanical properties due to its hierarchical structure. However, little is known about the mechanical properties of collagen fibril, an intermediate structure between the collagen molecule and connective tissue. Here, we report the results of systematic molecular dynamics simulations to probe the mechanical response of initially unflawed finite size collagen fibrils subjected to uniaxial tension. The observed deformation mechanisms, associated with rupture and sliding of tropocollagen molecules, are strongly influenced by fibril length, width and cross-linking density. Fibrils containing more than approximately 10 molecules along their length and across their width behave as representative volume elements and exhibit brittle fracture. Shorter fibrils experience a more graceful ductile-like failure. An analytical model is constructed and the results of the molecular modelling are used to find curve-fitted expressions for yield stress, yield strain and fracture strain as functions of fibril structural parameters. Our results for the first time elucidate the size dependence of mechanical failure properties of collagen fibrils. The associated molecular deformation mechanisms allow the full power of traditional material and structural engineering theory to be applied to our understanding of the normal and pathological mechanical behaviours of collagenous tissues under load.     

Micromechanisms of borehole instability leading to breakouts in rocks

This paper reviews the different borehole breakout failure micromechanisms observed during a multiyear laboratory research effort at the University of Wisconsin. Vertical borehole drilling experiments were conducted in a variety of granites, limestones, and sandstones under a wide range of pre-existing stress fields. Test samples that developed breakouts during drilling were analyzed under optical and scanning electron microscopes to establish the micromechanics of failure. All rocks tested, except for the quartz-rich sandstones, develop dog-eared breakouts along the minimum horizontal far-field stress springline, even though the grain-scale mechanisms leading to the final appearance may differ considerably. The common denominator is the incipient failure in the form of dilatant microcracking in the zones of the highest compressive stress concentration around the borehole. Dependent on rock type, these microcracks could be tensile or shear openings, extending inter- or intra-granularly. A type of failure not hitherto recognized was discovered in quartz-rich sandstones, which develop tabular slot-shaped breakouts that maintain a constant very narrow width over an extensive length, resulting in a fracture-like appearance. Such breakouts are the result of a largely non-dilatant micromechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking leading to the formation of an apparent reduced-porosity compaction band along the minimum horizontal far-field stress springline. Breakouts are produced by the removal, with the help of the circulating drilling fluid, of loose grains and grain fragments that were debonded in the process of compaction band forming.     

直流GIL中温度对绝缘子表面电荷积聚时变特性影响研究

柱式绝缘子表面电荷积聚是严重影响直流GIL绝缘水平的重要因素之一。本文在综合考虑GIL内部热交换、绝缘子材料电导特性和绝缘气体中正负离子微观机制的基础上,构建了直流GIL柱式绝缘子表面电荷积聚多物理场耦合时变数学模型,仿真分析了柱式绝缘子的温度分布、空间电荷密度分布和表面电荷密度分布。结果表明:在800 kV直流电压作用下,柱式绝缘子温度由极不均匀分布向均匀分布发展,使得绝缘子电导率不断变化;柱式绝缘子内部主要积聚正电荷,随着温度朝着均匀化发展和时间的延长,绝缘子内部空间电荷密度越来越大,并且柱式绝缘子内部最大空间电荷密度位置由初始状态的中心导体附近变为接地电极附近;温度对表面电荷积聚的影响较大,随着温度朝着均匀分布发展,绝缘子表面电荷密度零点不断右移,表面电荷密度峰值越来越大,切向电场强度也越来越大。