自校准型光谱辐亮度标准光源

针对高精度空间光学定量遥感的需求,研制了一种采用数字微镜器件的自校准型光谱辐亮度标准光源。该光源具有两种工作模式:在窄带工作模式下,由Gershun管辐射计和CAS光谱辐射计自校准;在宽带工作模式下,作为光谱辐亮度标准光源用于地面或空间遥感仪器的光谱辐亮度响应度定标。以光谱辐照度标准光源和Spectralon标准漫反射板组成光谱辐亮度标准光源为CAS光谱辐射计定标,测得自校准光源的光谱辐亮度。又以标准探测器定标的Gershun管辐射计测量自校准光源,采用迭代法得到自校准光源的光谱辐亮度。窄带模式下两种不同定标方法对自校准光源的光谱辐亮度测量结果在测量不确定度允许范围内一致。不确定度分析显示:基于标准光源和基于标准探测器的自校准光源光谱辐亮度测量不确定度分别为1.41%~2.09%和1.28%~1.61%。实验及不确定度分析结果表明,该光源可以满足高精度空间光学定量遥感的使用要求。     

A first assessment of the SMOS data in southwestern France using in situ and airborne soil moisture estimates: The CAROLS airborne campaign

The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission, based on an aperture synthesis L-band radiometer was successfully launched in November 2009. In the context of a validation campaign for the SMOS mission, intensive airborne and in situ observations were performed in southwestern France for the SMOS CAL/VAL, from April to May 2009 and from April to July 2010. The CAROLS (Cooperative Airborne Radiometer for Ocean and Land Studies) bi-angular (34°-0°) and dual-polarized (V and H) L-band radiometer was designed, built and installed on board the French ATR-42 research aircraft. During springs of 2009 and 2010, soil moisture observations from the SMOSMANIA (Soil Moisture Observing System-Meteorological Automatic Network Integrated Application) network of Météo-France were complemented by airborne observations of the CAROLS L-band radiometer, following an Atlantic-Mediterranean transect in southwestern France. Additionally to the 12 stations of the SMOSMANIA soil moisture network, in situ measurements were collected in three specific sites within an area representative of a SMOS pixel. Microwave radiometer observations, acquired over southwestern France by the CAROLS instrument were analyzed in order to assess their sensitivity to surface soil moisture (w_g). A combination of microwave brightness temperature (T_b) at either two polarizations or two contrasting incidence angles was used to retrieve w_g through regressed empirical logarithmic equations with good results, depending on the chosen configuration. The regressions derived from the CAROLS measurements were applied to the SMOS T_b and their retrieval performance was evaluated. The retrievals of w_g showed significant correlation (p-value < 0.05) with surface measurements for most of the SMOSMANIA stations (8 of 12 stations) and with additional field measurements at two specific sites, also. Root mean square errors varied from 0.03 to 0.09 m³ m^− 3 (0.06 m³ m^− 3 on average).     

青藏高原L波段微波辐射观测与土壤水分反演研究进展

土壤水分是地气间水热交换的重要变量,影响着地表感热潜热划分、水分收支和植被蒸腾等过程,青藏高原土壤水分的研究对于改进高原水分循环和能量平衡的模拟研究具有重要意义。随着SMOS、SMAP等卫星的发射,L波段被动微波遥感技术成为大尺度监测土壤水分的主要手段。分别从L波段星—机—地观测与微波辐射模拟、区域尺度土壤水分观测、卫星产品评估与土壤水分反演算法发展等方面系统回顾和总结了近年来L波段被动微波遥感及其土壤水分反演算法、产品在青藏高原的主要应用与研究进展。在此基础上,归纳了当前高原L波段被动微波辐射模拟与土壤水分反演存在的问题,主要包括缺乏高原尺度的微波辐射模拟评估和改进的卫星土壤水分产品、土壤冻结时期的水分监测产品依然缺失等问题。针对存在的问题,进一步提出了相关建议与展望,建议今后的研究应加强高原尺度的微波辐射模拟评估与土壤水分产品改进工作,并积极拓展土壤水分产品在高原水分循环和能量平衡模拟、植被生长与干旱监测的应用研究。     

Evaluation of mechanical performance of NiCo nanocoated aerospace aluminum alloy using quantitative photo-thermo-mechanical radiometry as a non-contact strain gauge

Non-contact photo-thermo-mechanical radiometry (PTMR) was introduced to evaluate the mechanical properties of an aerospace aluminum alloy with Nickel Cobalt (NiCo) coatings. A home-made small-scale tensile rig was used to apply static uniaxial tensile load on the samples. The strength of nanocoated samples was recorded in terms of strain by an adhesive strain gauge also acting as a PTMR calibration device. For the purpose of non-destructive evaluation, the tests were limited within the elastic regime. Two experimental modalities were used: frequency scan at fixed load and strain scan at fixed frequency. The test results were analyzed with both a three-layer and a more detailed five-layer thermo-mechanical-wave (TMW) model. Both theoretical and experimental results indicated that the presence of the NiCo nanocoating can significantly strengthen the mechanical properties of the coated aluminum substrate. The coating can also provide protection to defective substrates and enhance their mechanical stiffness (strength).     

Fraunhofer Diffraction Effects on Total Power for a Planckian Source

An algorithm for computing diffraction effects on total power in the case of Fraunhofer diffraction by a circular lens or aperture is derived. The result for Fraunhofer diffraction of monochromatic radiation is well known, and this work reports the result for radiation from a Planckian source. The result obtained is valid at all temperatures.     

Laser infrared photothermal radiometric depth profilometry of steels and its potential in rail track evaluation

Laser Infrared Photothermal Radiometry has been utilized for several thermal-wave inverse-problem NDE applications. These include depth profilometry of steels and rails and scanning tomography of sub-surface defects in steels. Further, a computational algorithm has been refined to address the ill-posedness of the thermal-wave inverse problem. As a result, depth profiles of case-hardened steels, railway track heads from the field, and machined sub-surface hole thermal-diffusivity images have been reconstructed successfully using this emerging NDT technology.     

Optoelectronic transport property measurements of an amorphous-silicon-passivated c-silicon wafer using non-contacting methodologies

Photocarrier radiometry (PCR), microwave photoconductivity decay (μ-PCD) and transient and quasi-steady-state eddy currents were used for the characterization of a crystalline (c-) Si wafer passivated with intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon films on either front or back side, or on both sides of the wafer. All three techniques are capable of measuring recombination lifetimes, however additional fundamental free photoexcited carrier transport parameters (diffusion coefficient, front- and back-surface recombination velocity) can be evaluated from the PCR frequency dependence owing to the free-carrier-density wave's diffusion-length depth-dependence on frequency. The measured recombination lifetimes are compared and differences in values among the three techniques are discussed in terms of the role of surface and interface defects. μ-PCD and eddy currents yield effective or vertically averaged lifetime measurements, as opposed to PCR which yields bulk recombination lifetimes separately from surface recombination effects.     

Comparison of Two Cryogenic Radiometers at NIST

Two cryogenic radiometers from NIST, one from the Optical Technology Division and the other from the Optoelectronics Division, were compared at three visible laser wavelengths. For this comparison, each radiometer calibrated two photodiode trap detectors for spectral responsivity. The calibration values for the two trap detectors agreed within the expanded (k = 2) uncertainties. This paper describes the measurement and results of this comparison.     

空间紫外遥感光谱辐射计光谱辐亮度定标三种方法的比较

应用基于spectralon平面漫反射板和两种基于积分球的辐亮度共三种定标方法,标定了空间紫外遥感光谱辐射计的辐亮度响应度。初步尝试分析了每种方法的相对不确定度,指出漫反射板双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的测量不确定度和平面漫反射板亮度的计算不确定度是这三种定标方法比对中不一致的主要原因。定标数据比对显示,使用这三种定标方法得到的光谱辐射计辐亮度响应度在各自给定的相对不确定度范围以内(约3%)相符合。     

Unified Measurements of Quantities Characterizing Incoherent Optical Radiation

A suite of state primary standards is described for the units of optical radiation consisting of precision standard sources, detectors, and other opticoelectronic devices developed at VNIIOFI in the period 1982–2002. Results are given from international comparisons and the use of standard facilities and calibration units for metrological support to space research and remote Earth sensing. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 12–16, November, 2005.