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31.
《Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology》2013,50(8):854-864
The unit sphere concept was developed to predict the triggering stage of vapor explosions for coarse mixtures composed of hot liquid droplets, cold liquid and its vapor. With an assumption that hot liquid droplets are arranged with a uniform spatial interval to construct a hexagonal cell structure, a unit sphere with thirteen droplets is formed in the coarse mixture. A droplet and adjacent twelve droplets were placed at the center and on the surface of the unit sphere, respectively. Two indices for triggering were introduced in the unit sphere concept. The first index is the ratio of mechanical energy generated at the center droplet to one required for the mechanical collapse of vapor film on an adjacent droplet. Another shows the probability that the mechanical energy at the center droplet impacts onto the minimum number of molten adjacent droplets. The present concept predicted that the triggering could occur at smaller water subcooling for a coarse mixture with alumina droplets and water than corium droplet case, and that vapor explosions were suppressed when the ambient pressure was elevated up to approximately 0.5 MPa in both cases. The evaluation of KROTOS experiments indicated that the latter triggering index was smaller for corium droplets than alumina case due to the increase in the fraction of solidified droplets in the coarse mixture, implying less triggerability for corium droplets. Those findings showed a consistency with the results of vapor explosion experiments using corium and alumina. It was qualitatively confirmed in the experiments where a molten tin jet penetrated into a water pool that the latter index is applicable to the evaluation of the triggerability. 相似文献
32.
基于Ostwald熟化作用的机理,采用无模板法,在低温水热条件下制备了TiO2空心球(TiO2-HS)。探讨了水热反应时间和表面活性剂的种类对TiO2-HS形貌的影响。在以Ti(SO2):为钛源,尿素为表面活性剂,180℃水热反应15h后得到了微米级、锐钛矿型的TiO2-HS,比表面积和孔容积分别达到了100.728m2/g、0.270cm3/g,平均吸附孔径为10.718nm。将TiO2-HS应用于染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极,光电转换效率达到5.48%。表明空心球结构提高了材料的比表面积,增强了光子吸收效率,光电性能得到了很大提高。 相似文献
33.
采用自组装甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯的共聚物P(MMA-BA)软球的方法制备在润湿状态下具有明亮的颜色的弹性胶体晶体膜.弹性胶体晶体膜完全由软球自组装而成,因此它的拉伸能力不低于500%,弥补了刚性微球自组装而成的胶体光子晶体膜的不足.在软球中引入了疏水基团,当膜被水浸泡后,水分子进入到软球之间的结合处,使得原先融合在一起的软球由于疏水作用而相互排斥,使结合在一起的软球相互分离.实验结果显示制备出较好的弹性胶体晶体膜的VBA∶VMMA大于1.22,当该比值介于1.86和2.33之间时,制备出的弹性胶体晶体膜具有最佳的韧性和可拉伸性. 相似文献
34.
Combined effects of slip velocity and volume fraction of slip spheres on the heat transfer characteristics of multiple slip spheres are numerically investigated within the framework of a free surface cell model combined with a linear slip velocity along the surface of the slip spheres. The governing conservation equations of the mass, momentum, and energy are solved by a segregated approach using a simplified marker and cell algorithm implemented on a staggered grid arrangement in spherical coordinates. The convection and diffusion terms of conservation equations are discretized using quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinematics and second‐order central differencing schemes, respectively. Prior to obtaining new results, this numerical solver is validated by comparison of present results with the existing literature values. Further new results are obtained for a range of conditions as; Reynolds number, Re: 0.1–200; Prandtl number, Pr: 1–100; volume fraction of slip spheres, Φ: 0.1–0.5 and slip parameter, λ: 0.01–100. The effects of these dimensionless parameters on isotherm contours and local and average Nusselt numbers are thoroughly delineated. Finally, a new empirical correlation for the average Nusselt number of multiple smooth slip spheres is proposed on the basis of present numerical results. 相似文献
35.
对埃及国家标准化研究所使用的由欧思朗公司生产的标准工作灯进行了再标定,同时完成了相关的不确定性扩大的预算.用一个积分球、一个标准测光仪、五个由英国国家物理实验室标定的25-200 W的光通量标准灯组成的试验装置对埃及国家标准化研究所的五个工作标准灯进行了测量和再标定,使之保持国家级的测量水平. 相似文献
36.
《核技术(英文版)》2016,(6):137-141
A Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) was developed for neutron diagnostic on HL_2A Tokamak.It contains eight polyethylene spheres embedded with SP9~3 He proportional counter.Before setting up on the Tokamak experimental hall,a verification experiment was arranged on a~(241)Am–Be neutron source to test its spectrometry capability.The neutron response functions were calculated by Monte Carlo code Geant4 to simulate the real measurement environments.By least square method,the neutron spectrum was finally unfolded on log domain from0.1 e V to 11 Me V.It has a remarkable consistency to the ISO 8529-1 standard~(241)Am–Be neutron spectrum.This shows that the BSS is effective and reliable for neutron spectrum determination. 相似文献
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39.
Paul S.N. Lee Clement Y.K. So Francis Lee Louis Leung Michael Chan 《Telematics and Informatics》2018,35(7):1949-1957
Social media, as a subaltern public sphere (Fraser, 1990), have a democratic function in providing an alternative platform for minorities and marginalized to defy mainstream discourses in the public sphere. However, social media have been found to have an echo chamber effect, which may be detrimental to democracy. They may help to accelerate the ascendancy of a “post-truth” era in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief. A study on political polarization, however, showed that selective exposure and avoidance in social media are weak indicators of polarization (Johnson et al., 2017). This study examines the role of social media in democracy and partisan politics. The authors considered that despite the echo chamber effect, social media have a limited part to play in the formation of polarized stances compared with other factors, such as demographics, political orientation, and mass media use. The study tested two main hypotheses: H1: Social media use is associated with political stance that is marginalized in the mainstream media; H2: Political orientation has a stronger relationship than social media use with the stance toward political values and social issues.The results supported both hypotheses. Social media are associated with political stance that is marginalized in the mainstream media. However, when compared with other factors, the relationship between social media and stance becomes less obvious. Although the echo chamber effect may reinforce the original stance, social media do not exhibit a strong relationship with the stance toward political values and social issues. Partisan orientation and use of partisan mass media are found to have stronger links with variations in stance. Social media, however, provide a subaltern public sphere for those excluded from the dominant public sphere, thus extending the public sphere to accommodate multiple opinions and perspectives. 相似文献
40.
Cylinder-crown integrated hydraulic press (CCIHP) is a new press structure. The hemispherical hydraulic cylinder also functions as a main portion of crown, which has lower weight and higher section modulus compared with the conventional hydraulic cylinder and press crown. In order to design cylinder-crown integrated hydraulic press with large capacity, the theoretical design of hemispherical hydraulic cylinder was first proposed, and the structural parameters of 150 MN CCIHP were listed. Then the simulation was carried out to analyze the stress and deformation of CCIHP, and weight comparison was conducted between CCIHP and conventional press. It is shown that the weight reduction for hydraulic cylinder and press crown is about 20% compared with that for conventional press, and the stress and deformation are both within the range of constraints including strength and stiffness conditions. It is possible to manufacture cylinder-crown integrated hydraulic press with large capacity. 相似文献