Is There Something Beyond ‘Outside of the Box’?

Here, architectural and scientific researcher Rachel Armstrong questions whether the definition of ‘experimental’ green design presented here goes far enough. She urges architects to not dwell on evaluation processes, performance and ‘strategies’ and to seek a far more radical solution to sustainability, which abandons the current emphasis on industrial technologies and the existing educational and professional frameworks. In its place, she envisions employing biology as a driver for wholly new living materials and systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乡村生物多样性——变化、维持机制及保护策略

【目的】生物多样性是乡村景观的重要生态基础，无论是在乡村自然景观、生产景观，还是在乡村聚落景观中，生物多样性都是非常重要的组成要素，发挥着重要的生态服务功能。乡村生物多样性的概念、变化、维持机制及保护策略亟待研究。【方法】通过综述国内外乡村生物多样性研究现状及发展趋势，阐述乡村生物多样性概念构架，探讨乡村生物多样性现状及特征，分析乡村生物多样性变化趋势及其影响因子。【结果】乡村生物多样性维持机制既包括由非生物因子调节和生物因子调节的自然机制，也包括人与自然的协同调节机制。【结论】提出乡村生物多样性保护的创新策略，并以重庆梁平区印屏村为例，进行乡村景观营建及生物多样性保育的案例分析。最后，对乡村生物多样性保护的未来发展趋势进行展望，提出乡村生物多样性研究的发展方向和重点研究内容。     

福建省1975—2021年沙门菌血清型分布和表型特征

目的 回顾分析1975—2021年福建省人源和非人源沙门菌的血清型和表型特征。方法 收集1975—2021年福建省内临床、健康从业者、流通生鲜食品和环境中沙门菌株，使用世界卫生组织推荐沙门菌血清分型方法，基于全基因组测序的两种预测软件比对血清型及变种，使用生化组合和飞行质谱辅助鉴定同抗原式、不同菌型或表型变异菌型。结果 4 693株人源和非人源沙门菌分布于含4个亚种的21个血清群（病人源18个、健康携带源9个、食品源17个、环境源8个）；甲型副伤寒、伤寒、肠炎、猪霍乱、鼠伤寒、罗森和斯坦利是30个肠外侵袭血清型中的优势型；除伤寒、甲型副伤寒和乙型副伤寒外的沙门菌血清型有96个（病人源63个、健康携带源51个、食品源60个、环境源20个），临床前10位菌型为鼠伤寒、伤寒、肠炎、德比、斯坦利、甲型副伤寒、鸭、韦太夫雷登、罗森、伦敦；食品源前10位菌型为鸭、德比、鼠伤寒、斯坦利、韦太夫雷登、纽波特、肠炎、汤卜逊、阿贡纳、伦敦；确认14个血清型（包括10个双相菌和4个单相菌）存在单相变种；证实多个血清型存在硫化氢阴性、发酵乳糖或蔗糖、菌落黏液型和产色素型等表型变异现象。结论 福建省沙门菌血清型...     

Detecting the imprints of past clear-cutting on riparian forest plant communities along a Mediterranean river

In riparian forests, clear-cutting causes long-lasting changes in both riparian and aquatic biota. In this work, we examined if past clear-cutting events occurred at different times have imprints on riparian forests in a Mediterranean river in central Italy. We carried out a randomized, plot-based vegetation survey of riparian forests in systematically sampled 500 m-long sectors along the whole river, dividing the riparian zone into two internal and two external strips. From historical aerial photos, past clear-cutting events within plots were detected and classified in age classes: (i) cut in the past 8 years (recent); (ii) cut between 8 and 19 years ago (intermediate); (iii) no signs of clear-cutting in the last 19 years (distant). We analyzed the responses of vegetation to clear-cutting and strip position. Alien species richness was higher and woody species richness was lower in recently clear-cut areas compared to those with a distant clear-cutting event. Moreover, recently cut woods had more alien and synanthropic species. Intermediate clear-cut areas had higher levels of invasion by alien species compared to areas with distant cut. Riparian forests of internal strips are impacted by clear-cutting, but seem to recover in 8–19 years thanks to their natural resilience. Conversely, recent or intermediate clear-cutting events did not affect any of the investigated vegetation attributes in the external strips since such forests were already invaded by alien and synanthropic species after human disturbance. Our results confirm that clear-cutting events can have long-lasting effects on Mediterranean riparian forests, confirming the vulnerability of river ecosystems to clear-cutting and suggesting the need for more caution in management practices to improve the conservation status of riparian forests.     

湖南省大通湖浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系

湖南省大通湖是洞庭湖区典型的浅水养殖湖泊，为合理地开发利用其自然资源，保护生态环境，本研究于2013年4月至2014年3月对湖南省大通湖浮游生物群落结构及环境因子进行了调查研究，并通过典范对应分析(CCA)，探讨浮游生物群落结构与环境因子之间的关系，以期为其渔业可持续利用提供参考。水深、水温、透明度、pH、总氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷、可溶性活性磷以及叶绿素a为水体理化因子的主要调查参数。调查期间共发现浮游植物7门80种，其中绿藻门26种，硅藻门21种，蓝藻门19种，裸藻门6种，黄藻门4种，隐藻门3种，甲藻门1种。浮游植物全年优势种为多形裸藻(Euglena polymorphya)，卵形隐藻 (Cryptomonas ovate)，尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)，链状小环藻(Syclotellacatenata)，小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、圆形衣藻(Chlamydomonas orbicularis)以及四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)。浮游植物密度和生物量年平均值分别为6.58±0.66×104ind.?L-1 和0.16±0.05 mg?L-1，均在2013年11-12月相对较高；浮游植物现存量空间上均呈现南高北低的分布趋势。浮游植物多样性指数(H)、丰富度指数(D)和均匀度指数(J)分别在0.72-2.08、0.38-0.75和0.31-0.84。浮游植物多样性指数表明大通湖水体呈富营养状态。CCA结果表明水温、总磷以及pH是影响大通湖浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

开创上海绿化新局面的实践与探索

上海在迈向国际化大都市的同时，把抓好以绿化工程为重点的城市基础设施作为市委，市政府的一项战略决策，本文通过对上海城市特点和绿化现状的总结和分析，结合新一轮上海城市绿地系统发展目标，提出了开创上海绿化新局面，实现上海城市与自然和谐的生态环境建设目标。     

Colonisation of terrestrial vegetation in an intermittent river: Diversity responses to seasonal drying

Intermittent rivers are dynamic ecosystems that experience a predictable or unpredictable loss of surface water and are characterised by changing lotic, lentic (ponding) and dry habitats. Plant communities colonising dry channels during the desiccation stage can be diverse, abundant and differ in their tolerances to water availability and habitat conditions. This study examines the colonisation of terrestrial vegetation in two intermittent rivers in the United Kingdom, and whether terrestrial plant taxonomic richness and functional diversity increase during the dry phase. Six reaches were surveyed for terrestrial plants during the dry phase over a standard 100 m length every month from April to October 2021. We found the channel and bank taxonomic richness increased with drying duration. Functional traits of vegetation height, clonality, clonality richness and Ellenberg's value of light moisture also increased with stream desiccation. Bed sediment conditions (the proportion of sand and gravel) and the 12-month antecedent percentage of zero flow days were the key drivers of plant community composition. We believe plant propagules from the riparian zone and channel vegetation on topographic high points in the channel aided plant colonisation of the riverbed once flow ceased. Past research may have underestimated the biodiversity value of intermittent rivers by failing to include the ecological importance of plants during the dry phase. Information on plant diversity of the dry phase is important to determine the overall biodiversity of intermittent rivers for their long-term conservation and management.