Vacuum Infiltration of Polyamines Increases Firmness of Strawberry Slices Under Various Storage Conditions

Strawberry slices were vacuum infiltrated with polyamines and changes in firmness during storage were determined. Spermine and spermidine at 10 mM or 100 mM significantly increased firmness, whereas pu-trescine was not as effective at increasing firmness of slices stored at 1°C. The firming effect of the polyamines was similar to that of calcium chloride, and may have been due to their ability to bind to cell walls and membranes. In ripe receptacles of various cultivars which differed in firmness, putrescine (12–38 nmol/g fresh weight) and spermidine (19–33 nmoI/g fresh weight) were the predominant polyamines, while only low levels of spermine (<10 nmol/g fresh weight) were present. There was no discernible relationship between endogenous polyamine levels and fresh fruit firmness for the cultivars studied.     

从“柔弱胜刚强”到“纸老虎论”

“柔弱胜刚强”是老子提出的著名的以弱胜强、以柔克刚的战略策略思想，对中国政治、思想、军事有着深远的影响。中国人民在争取独立解放的新民主主义革命斗争中长期处于弱小的地位。以广义来说，弱能胜强构成了毛泽东军事理论的根本战略思想。（参见《与美国记者安娜·路易斯·斯特朗的谈话》题解）特殊地说，以弱胜强构成了毛泽东关于“一切反动派都是纸老虎的理论（以下简称“纸老虎论”）。本文探讨了老子“柔弱胜刚强”所包含的战略思想和策略、战术原则及其哲学依据。本文还探讨了老子“柔弱胜刚强”思想对毛泽东军事思想的影响，并从发展的角度考察了“纸老虎论”的内容，从继承、发展、创新的角度，考察了构成毛泽东与老子以弱胜强理论的哲学基础的异同。     

Influence of variation in calcium content on casein micelle stability and techno-functional properties of buffalo milk

Changes in techno-functional properties of buffalo milk were evaluated due to variation in calcium content. Decalcification resulted in significant variation in ζ-potential, casein size, colour and η_app. However, calcium addition only influenced ζ-potential of milk. In case of acid gelation, the time and temperature required for coagulation decreased significantly for both calcium-depleted and -added milks. However, during chymosin gelation, only 20%–30% of calcium-depleted milk coagulated with an increased clotting time. Furthermore, calcium addition increased firmness, consistency and cohesiveness of both chymosin and acid-induced gelation.     

Impact of shelf life on content of primary and secondary metabolites in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

In this study, we evaluated the changes in apple fruit quality during shelf life. After a month of cold storage, apples of cultivars "Jonagold" and "Golden Delicious" were exposed to ambient temperatures for 21 d, with subsequent sampling every 3 or 4 d. Fruit firmness, changes in amounts of sugars, malic acid, and phenolics were observed during shelf life. Chemical analyses were done with HPLC-PDA system. An interchange between various sugars was noticed, but in general, the sum of sugars remained at the same level. The content of malic acid remained stable or dropped, resulting in sweeter fruit. Levels of phenolics were more constant in the pulp of both cultivars analyzed, while in the peel, the changes were more pronounced. In the pulp, a peak in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols was noticed on the 2nd or 3rd sampling and afterwards, the amounts remained constant. In the peel an initial decrease of all analyzed phenolic groups was observed in both cultivars, however it was more pronounced in "Jonagold." It can be concluded that changes in primary and secondary metabolites are not the main reason for the lower quality of fruit exposed to ambient temperatures. On the other hand, fruit firmness might be the limiting factor for shelf life duration.     

采前氯吡苯脲处理对采后‘秦美’猕猴桃细胞超微结构的影响

研究‘秦美’猕猴桃盛花期后28?d用0、10、20?mg/L氯吡苯脲（N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylurea,CPPU）蘸果处理对采后冷藏期猕猴桃果实细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明：CPPU处理加速了猕猴桃果实细胞壁及内部结构的降解,且CPPU质量浓度越大,受损程度越大;10?mg/L?CPPU处理加速了猕猴桃果实淀粉颗粒及胞间质的降解,促使细胞壁弯曲变形及细胞间隙出现,造成猕猴桃果实硬度迅速下降;而20?mg/L?CPPU处理使猕猴桃果实细胞壁严重变形,线粒体严重空泡化,内部结构消失,淀粉颗粒完全降解,细胞间的黏合力丧失。据此认为,CPPU处理加快了猕猴桃果实在贮藏过程中细胞壁、线粒体及淀粉颗粒的降解速度,损坏了细胞器及膜系统的完整性,从而使猕猴桃果实硬度及耐藏性下降,贮藏寿命缩短,品质下降。因此,猕猴桃生产中不建议使用CPPU处理。     

Intramammary pressure and udder firmness during a 72-h interruption of milking to simulate dry-off,with and without feed restriction

The goal of the present study was to quantify the increase of intramammary pressure (IMP) in dry-off during an extended milking interval of 72 h. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that feed restriction (no concentrate and roughage with reduced energy) causes earlier cessation of milk secretion and a lower IMP than continued feeding of the lactational diet. In addition to repeated IMP measurements, we tested a noninvasive method that records udder firmness (UF) via external application of pressure on the udder. Two experimental groups consisted of 10 Holstein cows each, with a daily milk yield of 20 to 25 kg. The restricted group (RG) was changed to restricted feeding on the afternoon of the final milking (0 h), whereas late-lactation feeding was continued in the control group (CG). Both IMP and UF were measured before and after the final milking immediately before milking was stopped for 72 h. These measurements represented IMP and UF levels at 10 h and 0 h milking intervals, respectively. Further measurements were performed at 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, and 72 h after final milking. Milk samples (2 mL) were taken through the IMP catheter at each sampling event, for analysis of somatic cell count (SCC) and serum albumin (SA). Both IMP and UF increased with time, and both parameters peaked at 30 h in CG and at 24 h in RG. The mean IMP from 18 to 72 h, compared with the 10-h IMP (normal milking interval) was higher in CG than in RG. The duration of elevated IMP and UF was prolonged in CG compared with RG (>36 h vs. 12 h). The Pearson correlation between IMP and UF was r = 0.67. Thus, the noninvasive measurement of UF is suitable to replace invasive IMP measurements. However, due to individual differences in udder shape, the correlation between UF and IMP was too low to predict exact IMP levels using UF. Both SCC (presented as logSCC) and SA increased after the final milking until the end of the experiment. The mean increase from 18 to 72 h, compared with levels immediately after final milking, was higher in CG than in RG for SCC but did not differ between treatments for SA. In conclusion, feed restriction causes a faster cessation of milk secretion and therefore limits the increase of IMP at dry-off.     

Evaluation of apple texture with contact acoustic emission detector: A study on performance of calibration models

Performance of calibration models for evaluation of apples sensory texture with contact acoustic emission detector (CAED) was studied. For model evaluation and testing, 2500 apples of 19 cultivars were harvested over two seasons. Apples were stored at normal atmosphere (NA), controlled atmosphere (CA) for different periods or were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in order to obtain a high variability of texture and fruit maturity. Apples were tested simultaneously in two distinct laboratories. The models were created and validated on averaged values from 10 fruits using simple linear regression, multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR). Performance statistics of the models were expressed in terms of determination coefficient (R²), root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) or prediction (RMSEP) and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). Firmness and total acoustic emission counts were predictors of sensory texture in the models. MLR and PCR models show better performance for prediction of sensory data than simple linear regression models however PCR models show the best results among models tested in this study. Common PCR models for several cultivars allow for successful prediction of hardness (RPD > 2.0), crispness and overall texture (1.5 < RPD < 2.0). The single-cultivar PCR models, constructed on data sets containing 26-39 averaged values, reveal significantly better performance (RPD > 2.0 for most of the cases) than the common PCR models for many varieties.     

高光谱成像的红提总酸与硬度的预测及其分布可视化

利用高光谱成像技术实现对红提总酸和硬度无损检测和分布可视化。首先,利用高光谱采集生长期360个红提样本在波段450～1 000 nm的高光谱图像信息后用化学方法测定对应样本的总酸,用质构仪测定硬度。采用KS(Kennard-Stone)算法将总样本按照3∶1的比例划分为训练集（270个样本）和测试集（90个样本）。对红提原始光谱数据分别利用标准正态变量变换（standard normal variate transformation,SNV）、卷积平滑（Savitzky-Golay,SG）处理法、多元散射校正（multivariate scatter correction,MSC）、归一化等光谱预处理方法处理,确定最优光谱预处理方法。然后,分别采用一次降维（竞争性自适应重加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）、连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）、遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）、无信息变量消除法（uninformative variable elim...     

瓜果坚实度的冲击响应无损检测方法

针对瓜果坚实度检测的重要性,结合国内外采用冲击响应方法进行瓜果坚实度无损检测的研究和应用现状,提出了构建简易实验平台,辅之于数值模拟方法,不断完善瓜果模型和实验手段的研究思路,对采用冲击响应方法进行瓜果坚实度测量装置的实用化具有重要意义。