Ultra-Violet Disinfection of Sewage Effluents: A Pilot Study at Bellozanne, Jersey

In March 1990 a pilot ultra-violet disinfection plant was installed at the sewage-treatment works in Bellozanne, Jersey. The pilot plant was set up to test the ability of the process to meet certain defined objectives and, ultimately, to enable the island authorities to satisfy stringent water quality objectives in the receiving waters of St Aubins Bay.
The pilot study simulated an open channel installation using medium pressure ultra-violet lamps parallel to the direction of flow. The pilot plant was supplied by Trojan Technologies Inc.
The pilot study met its objectives and confirmed the design parameters for a full-scale plant installation to follow.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of DBP precursors using UV with suspended and fixed TiO2

French River water (Nova Scotia, Canada) was separated into six different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions, including hydrophobic acids, bases and neutrals and hydrophilic acids, bases and neutrals. The raw water, as well as each of the NOM fractions were analysed for disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential before and after advanced oxidation with UV/TiO₂ to determine the efficacy of this treatment for the removal of DBP precursors. The UV/TiO₂ treatment was carried out with a nanostructured thin film (NSTF), coated with TiO₂ which is compared with the use of a TiO₂ suspension. For the raw river water, removals of total trihalomethane formation potential (TTHMFP) and total haloacetic acid formation potential (THAA₉FP) were found to be approximately 20% and 90%, respectively, with 50 mJ/cm² UV exposure and 1 mg/L TiO₂. For the fractionated samples, approximately 75% of both trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors were found to be associated with the hydrophobic acid fraction. For this individual fraction the same UV/TiO₂ treatments exhibited approximately 20-25% removal of both TTHMFP and THAA₉FP, suggesting that the fractionation process may have affected the treatability of HAA precursors or may have altered the results of the oxidation processes.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) degradation by UV/H(2)O(2) process

The objective of this study was to elucidate the degradation pathways of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) during its mineralization caused by UV/H(2)O(2) treatment. In order to accomplish this, we measured the concentration time-profiles of DMSO and its degradation intermediates during the UV/H(2)O(2) treatment. In addition, we proposed a kinetic model that could account for the degradation pathways of DMSO during its UV/H(2)O(2) treatment. The results show that the degradation of DMSO by the UV/H(2)O(2) treatment can be classified into two major pathways, and this is supported by both the analysis of the intermediates and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements. Firstly, DMSO was degraded into sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) through the formation of methansulfinate (CH(3)SO(2)(-)) and methansulfonate (CH(3)SO(3)(-)) as sulfur-containing intermediates. One of the two carbon constituents of DMSO was highly resistant to mineralization, due to the formation of methansulfonate, which reacted very slowly with (.-)OH k = 0.8 x 10(7) M(-1)s(-1)). Secondly, the other carbon constituent of DMSO was relatively easily mineralized through the formation of formaldehyde (HCHO) and formate (HCO(2)(-)) as non-sulfur-containing intermediates. The kinetic model proposed in this study for the degradation of DMSO by (.-)OH in the UV/H(2)O(2) process was able to successfully predict the patterns of concentration time-profiles of all components during the UV/H(2)O(2) treatment of DMSO.     

Degradation of Pb--EDTA complex by a H(2)O(2)/UV process

The degradation of PbEDTA in aqueous solution by a H(2)O(2)/UV process was studied. The effect of H(2)O(2) content, pH of the solution and the presence of nitrate were investigated. PbEDTA degradation by a H(2)O(2)/UV process was shown to be accompanied by simultaneous lead precipitation. PbEDTA was decomposed rapidly in acidic solutions while lead precipitation was achieved only when the pH of the solution was higher than 6. The presence of nitrate in significant amounts (0.04 M) inhibited remarkably the degradation of the complex and metal precipitation. The degradation of CdEDTA and ZnEDTA was also studied. It was found that the decomposition of metal-EDTA complex and metal removal by the H(2)O(2)/UV process depend greatly on the nature of the metal. CdEDTA and ZnEDTA were decomposed rapidly but metal precipitation was not achieved. The major by-products of the degradation of metal-EDTA complexes observed were nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), oxalic acid and nitrate.     

UV诱变技术培养造纸废水高效降解菌

在连续流条件下以活性污泥代替纯菌种进行UV诱变，结果表明诱变作用效果显著且具应用潜力。通过与普通驯化的污泥进行比较发现，经诱变活性污泥更适于降解木质素，且效率较高。     

The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems are incorporated into drinking water production facilities because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial capabilities, and the minimal disinfection by-product formation that generally accompanies their use. Selection of an optimal location for a UV system within a drinking water treatment facility depends on many factors; a potentially important consideration is the effect of system location on operation and maintenance issues, including the potential for fouling of quartz surfaces. To examine the effect of system location on fouling, experiments were conducted at a groundwater treatment facility, wherein aeration, chlorination, and sand filtration were applied sequentially for treatment. In this facility, access to the water stream was available prior to and following each of the treatment steps. Therefore, it was possible to examine the effects of each of these unit operations on fouling dynamics within a UV system. Results indicated zero-order formation kinetics for the fouling reactions at all locations. Increases in oxidation reduction potential, caused by water treatment steps such as aeration and chlorination, increased the rate of sleeve fouling and the rate of irradiance loss within the reactor. Analysis of metals in the sleeve foulant showed that calcium and iron predominate, and relative comparisons of foulant composition to water chemistry highlighted a high affinity for incorporation into the foulant matrix for both iron and manganese, particularly after oxidizing treatment steps. Fouling behavior was observed to be in qualitative agreement with representations of the degree of saturation, relative to the metal:ligand combinations that are believed to comprise a large fraction of the foulants that accumulate on the surfaces of quartz jackets in UV systems used to treat water.     

PDMDAAC改性玉米醇溶蛋白负载阿维菌素纳米颗粒的制备与性能

为提高阿维菌素叶面沉积率及其抗紫外分解性能,本文设计构建了叶面亲和的纳米载体。通过自由基聚合将聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDMDAAC）改性玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）,得到表面携带正电荷的改性玉米醇溶蛋白,并将其用于负载阿维菌素。采用红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）等手段对改性产物结构和形貌进行表征。通过反溶剂沉淀法制备了平均粒径为64.92nm的载药纳米粒子,载体对阿维菌素的包封率为(34.75±0.18)%。与植物表面的静电作用提升了纳米粒子悬浮液在植物表面的润湿性能,接触角大小随PDMDAAC接枝量增大而降低,由77.38°减小到64.60°;叶面滞留量可达33.69mg/cm²。改性玉米醇溶蛋白对阿维菌素的包覆提升了其抗紫外性能,半衰期由15min延长至40min,且阿维菌素的释放速率可通过PDMDAAC接枝率进行调控。     

β-环糊精对曲拉通X-114紫外光谱抗干扰性能的影响

辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚（曲拉通X-114）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO-9）之间的相互作用能对水溶液中曲拉通X-114的紫外光谱产生明显影响。实验结果表明,在200～350nm范围内,曲拉通X-114的最大吸收波长为223nm,AEO-9的紫外吸光度接近于0;在水溶液中,AEO-9能减弱曲拉通X-114的紫外吸光度,降幅达3.4%;AEO-9还能显著降低曲拉通X-114的表观临界胶束浓度（cmc）,当AEO-9的浓度从0增加到0.050mmol/L 和0.100mmol/L时,曲拉通X-114的表观cmc从0.219mmol/L分别降至0.207mmol/L和0.202mmol/L。实验结果进一步表明,β-环糊精（β-CD）能有效降低AEO-9对曲拉通X-114的紫外吸光度及表观cmc的影响,在曲拉通 X-114和AEO-9复配水溶液中,按物质的量比1∶1加入β-CD,复配水溶液中曲拉通X-114的回收率从95.8%～103.3%变化至99.0%～100.1%,表明了β-CD能明显降低AEO-9对曲拉通X-114的干扰作用。红外光谱表征结果（FTIR）、核磁共振氢谱表征（¹H NMR）及热重差热分析表征结果（TG-DSC）表明,曲拉通X-114进入β-CD 分子空腔并形成包结物,是阻断曲拉通X-114分子形成混合胶束以及消除AEO对曲拉通X-114的干扰的主要原因。     

In situ synthesis of zinc oxide/selenium composite for UV blocker application

Development of reliable ultraviolet (UV) blockers is crucial for UV radiation protection applications such as sunscreen and UV-resistant fabric. To date, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been extensively used as a physical UV blocker worldwide but has also been criticized for with its unfavored UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation phenomena. As an attempt to suppress the photocatalytic activity of ZnO without compromising its UV absorbance property, amorphous selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated to ZnO using a facile and cost-effective coprecipitation method. Additionally, this process also enables an economical synthesis route for harvesting amorphous Se NPs from an aqueous medium. The ZnO–Se composites were thoroughly characterized to confirm its enhanced UV absorptivity combined with high transparency in the visible light range and to understand the interaction between ZnO and Se. Besides, Se-induced photocatalytic activity suppression of ZnO was demonstrated using methylene orange as an indicator. In vitro study revealed that ZnO–Se composite had improved biocompatibility over ZnO but comparable bacteriostasis ability under full-spectrum light irradiation. These results suggest that ZnO–Se composite is a promising UV blocker with advantages of facile synthesis, UV-induced ROS generation diminishment and biocompatibility.     

紫外法和皮粉法测定塔拉单宁含量的对比研究

分别采用紫外法和皮粉法对5种不同含量的塔拉单宁进行对比研究,并利用SPSS软件对单宁含量测定结果进行显著性检验,结果表明：高纯度塔拉单宁（93%）分别用紫外法和皮粉法测定单宁含量时实验结果并未显著差异（P>0.05）,而4种纯度为60%左右塔拉单宁的实验结果均具有显著性差异（P < 0.05）,皮粉法测得的单宁含量均比用紫外法测得的结果高,差值约为1.5%~2.0%,并由此计算出紫外法测定塔拉单宁含量计算公式中的矫正常数p为1.03。紫外-可见吸收光谱与HPLC分析结果表明：塔拉单宁与五倍子单宁的最大吸收峰均为276 nm,同质量浓度下塔拉单宁的吸收峰强度高于五倍子单宁,塔拉单宁成分出峰时间主要在20~40 min,五倍子单宁主要在30~45 min。