Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance

Current wind erosion and dust emission models neglect the heterogeneous nature of surface roughness and its geometric anisotropic effect on aerodynamic resistance, and over-estimate the erodible area by assuming it is not covered by roughness elements. We address these shortfalls with a new model which estimates aerodynamic roughness length (z₀) using angular reflectance of a rough surface. The new model is proportional to the frontal area index, directional, and represents the geometric anisotropy of z₀. The model explained most of the variation in two sets of wind tunnel measurements of aerodynamic roughness lengths (z₀). Field estimates of z₀ for varying wind directions were similar to predictions made by the new model. The model was used to estimate the erodible area exposed to abrasion by saltating particles. Vertically integrated horizontal flux (F_h) was calculated using the area not covered by non-erodible hemispheres; the approach embodied in dust emission models. Under the same model conditions, F_h estimated using the new model was up to 85% smaller than that using the conventional area not covered. These F_h simulations imply that wind erosion and dust emission models without geometric anisotropic sheltering of the surface, may considerably over-estimate F_h and hence the amount of dust emission. The new model provides a straightforward method to estimate aerodynamic resistance with the potential to improve the accuracy of wind erosion and dust emission models, a measure that can be retrieved using bi-directional reflectance models from angular satellite sensors, and an alternative to notoriously unreliable field estimates of z₀ and their extrapolations across landform scales.     

On the effect of wind direction and urban surroundings on natural ventilation of a large semi-enclosed stadium

Natural ventilation of buildings refers to the replacement of indoor air with outdoor air due to pressure differences caused by wind and/or buoyancy. It is often expressed in terms of the air change rate per hour (ACH). The pressure differences created by the wind depend - among others - on the wind speed, the wind direction, the configuration of surrounding buildings and the surrounding topography. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used extensively in natural ventilation research. However, most CFD studies were performed for only a limited number of wind directions and/or without considering the urban surroundings. This paper presents isothermal CFD simulations of coupled urban wind flow and indoor natural ventilation to assess the influence of wind direction and urban surroundings on the ACH of a large semi-enclosed stadium. Simulations are performed for eight wind directions and for a computational model with and without the surrounding buildings. CFD solution verification is conducted by performing a grid-sensitivity analysis. CFD validation is performed with on-site wind velocity measurements. The simulated differences in ACH between wind directions can go up to 75% (without surrounding buildings) and 152% (with surrounding buildings). Furthermore, comparing the simulations with and without surrounding buildings showed that neglecting the surroundings can lead to overestimations of the ACH with up to 96%.     

基于多嵌入维数的风力发电功率组合预测模型

为了减小混沌系统的重构参数对预测结果的影响,提出了基于多嵌入维数的风力发电功率组合预测模型.分别使用线性加权算法和神经网络算法对单一的基于相空间重构的神经网络模型进行组合,既综合了各嵌入维数下的信息,又将各维数下的预测偏差进行融合,从而有效提高了预测精度.通过对黑龙江富锦风电场的功率时间序列进行验证,证实了该组合模型的有效性,神经网络非线性组合算法的预测误差小于7%.     

基于有线和无线设计的大型风电场通信系统

从运行的安全性和可靠性角度考虑,要求大型风电场具有完善的监控系统。在分析了现有风电场监控系统的有线和无线传输方式的优劣性基础上,针对有线介质不可预知的破坏可能和海上风电运行维护不便等问题,提出了一种以太网和地面无线测控网相结合的大型风电场监控通信系统。该系统满足大型风电场传递大量数据的要求,并能解决就地监控与中央监控之间的通信备份;同时还可实现远程监控、中央监控和就地监控之间实时、可靠和安全的通信。     

Nonlinear aircraft sensor fault reconstruction in the presence of disturbances validated by real flight data

This paper proposes an approach for Inertial Measurement Unit sensor fault reconstruction by exploiting a ground speed-based kinematic model of the aircraft flying in a rotating earth reference system. Two strategies for the validation of sensor fault reconstruction are presented: closed-loop validation and open-loop validation. Both strategies use the same kinematic model and a newly-developed Adaptive Two-Stage Extended Kalman Filter to estimate the states and faults of the aircraft. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to an approach using an airspeed-based kinematic model. Furthermore, the major contribution is that the proposed approach is validated using real flight test data including the presence of external disturbances such as turbulence. Three flight scenarios are selected to test the performance of the proposed approach. It is shown that the proposed approach is robust to model uncertainties, unmodeled dynamics and disturbances such as time-varying wind and turbulence. Therefore, the proposed approach can be incorporated into aircraft Fault Detection and Isolation systems to enhance the performance of the aircraft.     

遗传算法在跨超声速风洞总压控制中的应用

总压作为风洞控制中的重要流场参数,其调节性能是风洞控制系统能否满足试验要求的重要指标,为提高跨超声速风洞的总压控制水平,需对总压控制策略进行设计。针对某跨超声速风洞对总压控制系统提出的快速性和精确性要求,提出串级控制、智能PID控制和总压分段控制等方法,并利用MATLAB系统辨识工具箱对流场调节阶段的总压系统模型进行了辨识。提出将遗传算法应用于风洞流场调节阶段的PID控制器参数整定中,重点对基于遗传算法的PID控制原理和参数整定步骤进行介绍,并针对遗传算法的遗传算子进行了设计。系统仿真和风洞实际运行情况表明：该方法较常规PID参数整定与优化方法,具有更好的控制性能指标,满足总压控制系统精确性、快速性、鲁棒性等要求,为后续风洞建设和设备改造提供了新方法。     

基于18F4520的风光互补路灯控制系统的研究

可再生能源的综合利用对社会经济的可持续发展和环境保护有着十分重要的作用,太阳能和风能作为两种应用广泛的可再生资源,在资源条件和技术应用上都具互补性.本文介绍了以PIC18F4520单片机为控制核心的风光互补路灯系统的硬件结构、工作原理与软件设计方法,实现了对风光互补路灯系统的智能化管理和控制,系统运行可靠,成本低,易于实现,便于维护升级.     

手持式电站锅炉配风监测仪的设计

针对当前电站锅炉燃烧器的现场巡视、检修设备的溃乏,研制一种手持式电站锅炉配风监测仪势在必行。基于在了解电站锅炉煤粉配风监测系统的工作原理以及测量工作原理的基础上,首先采用经标定过的测速元件测量,经差压变速器送到测量装置内部的压力传感器变送测量出动压;其次由测速原理可以计算出风速;再次由三支分别用于测量热风温度、煤粉温度和风粉混合温度的铂电阻传感器所测得的温度值,根据热平衡原理计算出煤粉浓度。重点介绍了基本设计电路硬件结构以及关键低功耗电路设计,既给出了监测仪主程序软件流程图,又给出了电站锅炉配风仪动压测量的结果分析,达到了设计的要求。经电厂技术人员试验证明,运行可靠,使用方便,成本低,有较高的推广价值。     

Current variability in a wide and open lacustrine embayment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Field measurements and numerical simulations were used to determine the effects of dominant meteorological conditions on the hydrodynamics of a wide (aspect ratio ~ 2), relatively deep (seasonally stratified) and open lake embayment (Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva). A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) was employed to simulate flow in the lake. High-resolution maps of wind, temperature and humidity (over the lake) were applied as input to drive the model. Because wind was the main force driving flow in the lake, currents in the embayment were investigated systematically for different wind conditions and seasonal stratification. Satisfactory model validation was achieved using drifter and moored measurements within the embayment. Markedly different circulation patterns were measured within the embayment, with the transition from one pattern to another occurring abruptly for small changes in wind direction. These distinct patterns resulted from relatively small changes in the large gyre of Lake Geneva's main basin, especially the angle between the current in front of the embayment and the embayment shoreline. The boundary between the embayment and the pelagic zone was defined by the largest gyre within the embayment. This study shows that, (i) in a large lake, complex current patterns can occur even within a minor embayment, and (ii) that these patterns can transition rapidly over a small range of wind directions. Near-shore gyre can occur for lengthy periods, which has implications for flushing of discharges within the embayment.