Learning argumentation skills through the use of prompts for self-explaining examples.

Learning with self-explaining examples is an effective method in well-structured domains. The authors analyzed this method in teaching the complex skill of argumentation, experimentally comparing 4 conditions (N = 71 student teachers) that differed with respect to whether and how the processing of the examples was supported by self-explanation prompts. They found that examples of argumentation could be successfully used to teach declarative knowledge about argumentation. However, when the skill of argumentation is to be fostered, prompts that direct the learners' attention to the principles of argumentation should be used. The authors demonstrate that learning with self-explaining examples is also a promising method of enhancing skills in ill-structured domains such as argumentation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enhancing online collaborative argumentation through question elaboration and goal instructions

Abstract   Computer-supported collaborative argumentation can improve understanding and problem-solving skills. This study uses WebCT to explore the improvement of argumentation in asynchronous, web-based discussions through goal instructions, which are statements at the end of a discussion prompt indicating what students should achieve. In a previous study ( Nussbaum 2005 ), the goal instruction 'generate as many reasons as possible' resulted in more balanced argumentation in an online environment. This study attempts to replicate this finding. It also examines the role of prior attitudes, knowledge and interest, and also the effect of elaborating on possible lines of reasoning in the question prompt. The goal instruction to generate as many reasons as possible (goal/no goal) was crossed with question elaboration (elaborated/unelaborated question) in a 2 × 2 randomized design using 131 undergraduates. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to complete the attitude survey before discussion. Results indicated that, when prior knowledge was controlled, the reason goal instruction positively affected argument development and opposing view exploration, but only for high-issue knowledge students. The sheer volume of notes created by the online environment may have caused cognitive overload for low-issue knowledge students. Question elaboration promoted balanced argumentation for all students, but especially those with low knowledge.     

张家口市建设项目水资源论证工作存在问题及建议

通过张家口市建设项目水资源论证工作中农业、水利、电力、采掘、交通运输等不同行业存在的一些问题,并以某热电厂为例,笔者提出自己的建议,供同行们参考.     

The influence of rhetorical schemes on innovation decisions

Abstract. Innovation may be viewed as a political process in which rival ideas, sponsored by rival individuals or groups, compete for acceptance and support. Sponsors of a particular idea must build, through argumentation, a consensus to support their idea.
This paper addressed rhetorical schemes as a potentially important element of the innovation decision. While rhetorical actions have been studied in other contexts, they have not been investigated in innovation decision situations.
The construct of rhetorical scheme is developed in this paper as a way to explain the outcomes of the innovation decision process. A scenario was devised in which decision makers face two different rhetorical schemes, emotional/affective and technical/logical, both related to a technology innovation. A hypothesis is tested in order to make a preliminary judgement on the impact of the rhetoric scheme on the financial choices made by the decision makers. The results suggest that the current innovation paradigms might be usefully extended by incorporating rhetorical actions as explanatory elements.     

Supporting interactive argumentation: Influence of representational tools on discussing a wicked problem

This study describes difficulties students can encounter when discussing a wicked problem and in what way two different representational tools can support interactive argumentation between students. About 55 pairs discussed in chat and wrote about genetically modified organisms in a groupware environment, supported by a text-outline or an argumentative diagram. The expectation was that students who were constructing a diagram would argue in a more thorough way, which is called the broadening and deepening in the space of debate. The expectations were partially confirmed. Diagrams help students to argue in a more thorough way, but only in the diagrams itself and not, as expected, in the discussion. This article shows the difficulties of supporting interactive argumentation with representational tools, because of the great amount of other variables in task and learning environment that effect the way students broaden and deepen an argument.     

Defeasible Reasoning in Japanese Criminal Jurisprudence

Modeling legal argumentation is one of the most important research in AI and Law, and a lot of models have been proposed. However, most research has not treated value judgement and debate. In this paper, we introduce a legal reasoning model which covers various aspects of legalreasoning such as making argument, selecting argument and debate.Furthermore, we present how criminal law is described and reasoned inthis model.     

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气藏评价结束之前，开发的早期介入使井网部署论证成为一件比较困难的工作。文章从洛带气田蓬莱镇组气藏的地质特征出发，结合国内外气田开发经验，采用油藏工程的多种方法，从储量丰度、导压能力和单井控制储量等多个方面，论证了该气藏的布井方式、合理井距、增布新井原则与井数等井网部署的优化问题。其结论是：建议布井方式采用不规则正方形基础井网，Jp₁+Jp₂层系的井距选择700~800 m，单井平均控制储量为（0.7084~0.9246）×108m3，Jp₃+Jp₄层系的井距选择500~600 m，单井平均控制储量为（0.973~1.401）×108m3，建议气藏采气规模定为60×104m3/d，新增井数38口，总井数为78口。实施一年多的情况表明，研究成果不但有效兼顾了纵向的4个层系，而且实现了勘探与开发的有机结合与滚动。对类似气藏具有参考作用。     

经济周期波动与工程项目投资机会选择

为准确把握工程项目投资的时机，在分析经济波动的周期性特点及表现出的繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏等四个过程的基础上，研究了工程项目投资与经济波动的制约关系及经济周期波动的监测途径，指出工程项目投资的最佳时期应是经济波动处在底部且有复苏迹象的时期．     

建设项目水资源论证工作中几个问题的讨论

建设项目水资源论证是为取水许可制度服务的一项新工作，由于开展时间不长，许多问题仍存在模糊认识。现根据实践经验和体会对建设项目水资源论证工作中遇到的几个主要问题进行了分析和讨论，最后给出了结论和建议。     

Probabilistic Argumentation Systems and Abduction

Probabilistic argumentation systems are based on assumption-based reasoning for obtaining arguments supporting hypotheses and on probability theory to compute probabilities of supports. Assumption-based reasoning is closely related to hypothetical reasoning or inference through theory formation. The latter approach has well known relations to abduction and default reasoning. In this paper assumption-based reasoning, as an alternative to theory formation aiming at a different goal, will be presented and its use for abduction and model-based diagnostics will be explained. Assumption-based reasoning is well suited for defining a probability structure on top of it. On the base of the relationships between assumption-based reasoning on the one hand and abduction on the other hand, the added value introduced by probability into model based diagnostics will be discussed. Furthermore, the concepts of complete and partial models are introduced with the goal to study the quality of inference procedures. In particular this will be used to compare abductive to possible explanations.