Test method for concrete spalling using small electric furnace

Concrete spalling can cause severe damage to concrete structure when exposed to fire. The spalling mechanisms are not very well understood. For the testing of spalling, full‐scale structural members should be used, as spalling tests are sensitive to size effects. Full‐scale testing in large furnace is costly and is not suitable for testing large number of concrete mixture trials. The standard and hydrocarbon fire time–temperature curves have rapid temperature rise during the initial phase. This temperature rise requires a gas furnace with high heating capacity and cannot be generated by electric muffle furnace commonly available in many laboratories. This paper presents a method to carry out spalling test in small‐scale specimens with exposure to rapid temperature rise using a commonly available electric furnace in the laboratories. The tests are based on 150 mm diameter cylinders that are laterally confined to simulate full‐scale structural members. The cylinder surface is exposed to rapid temperature rise by exposing through vertical and/or horizontal holes in pre‐heated small electric furnace. Some unconfined 100 mm diameter cylinders were also exposed horizontally to test the performance of confinement. The paper shows that the hydrocarbon fire and standard fire exposure can be simulated by manipulating the exposure location of the surface of the concrete cylinder. Ordinary Portland cement concrete cylinders with different strengths were tested and different spalling patterns were observed. The spalling patterns matched the test results from a gas furnace fire test simulating the fire curves. The tests demonstrated that the method is an effective and convenient technique to predict the spalling risk of a concrete. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多层采空区下厚层坚硬顶板综采面矿压规律研究

为了掌握大同矿区多采空区下厚层坚硬顶板综采面开采的矿压显现规律,以晋华宫矿11#煤层8707综采面为研究对象,利用综采记录仪数据分析系统监测工作面推进过程中综采支架液压值信息,同时对综采面现场片帮、冒顶情况进行详细观测。综合分析现场观测数据,得出其矿压显现规律:1周期来压步距基本处于18~26m之间,均值为21.93m;2工作面周期来压平均动载系数为1.23,来压不剧烈;3片深及冒高累积量变化趋势沿工作面倾向呈"M"型;4支架工作阻力沿工作面倾向大体呈"M"型分布,前柱液压普遍大于后柱;5综采面采用ZZ6000/17/37B型支撑掩护式液压支架,基本能满足实际生产要求。研究成果对于减少工作面冒漏顶事故,保障安全高效开采具有重要作用。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢氮化层剥落的研究

Unthank等人曾指出,含Cr高的奥氏体不锈钢在600～800℃氮化时,将沿晶界形成大量的CrN,并可能导致沿晶开裂,造成氮化层剥落.Kindlimann和Ansell认为,氮化表面上Fe或Ni-Fe的氮化物增到一定厚度时将产生“白亮层”,冷却时可能剥落。高濑孝夫在讨论氮化温度对18-8钢氮化层脆性影响时指出,低温氮化易出现氮化层剥落。本工作通过氮化前对试样作适当的预先热处理找到了解决氮化层剥落的方法,并探明了氮化层剥落的原因。     

欧洲规范中混凝土结构抗火设计主要内容(2)——基于构件分析的简化抗火计算方法与火灾下混凝土爆裂简化判别方法

简要介绍了欧洲混凝土抗火设计规范(EC2-1-2)提供的基于构件分析的简化抗火计算方法与火灾下结构构件混凝土爆裂的简化判别方法,并指出需进一步研究的问题,供我国混凝土与预应力混凝土结构抗火设计及相关标准修订时参考。     

声发射技术在氧化膜破裂监测中的应用

在高温腐蚀领域,声发射技术是一种最有效且具有极高灵敏度的监测氧化膜破裂的技术.通过分析声发射计数,可以判断氧化膜首次发生破裂的时间及最后破裂的程度.如对声发射频谱进行分析,则可以判别氧化膜内发生塑性变形、开裂及剥落的过程.利用声发射技术还可以测量氧化膜/合金界面处预存物理缺陷大小及分布.此外,将声发射技术与其它技术结合,可建立全新的分析测试系统.综述了声发射技术用于监测氧化膜破裂的原理和方法,以及多种性能测试方面的应用与新发展.     

织构化热处理对钢轨钢耐磨性和寿命的影响

目的减小钢轨钢表面因离散硬化产生的硬化区与基材边界处的硬度突变,从而消除磨损过程中硬化区与基材边界处因材质不连续而产生的早期碎裂现象,进一步提高钢轨钢的耐磨性和寿命。方法提出了一种基于层流等离子体束离散硬化的表面织构化热处理方法。与之前的离散圆点状硬化不同,通过调节等离子体束在试样表面的运动速度,改变试样表面的加热时间,在硬化区与基材之间人为地附加了一个过渡区。为了揭示织构化热处理对钢轨钢滚滑性能的影响,在摩擦磨损试验机上进行了磨损试验。磨损后的试样经切割、打磨、抛光和腐蚀,在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下进行了观察,以分析试样的磨损过程和织构化热处理提高试样耐磨性的机理。结果由于附加过渡区的存在,相变区的一边被拉长,形状变为泪滴状。硬化区到基材的硬度变化率由3500 HV/mm降低至200 HV/mm,在圆点状硬化中可观察到的硬度突变消失。同时,在磨损实验中,泪滴状硬化试样的磨损量较圆点状硬化试样降低了27%,边界碎裂消失。结论具有附加过渡区的试样比圆点状硬化的试样具有更好的耐磨性和抗塑性变形能力,该方法对提高钢轨钢的使用寿命具有一定的应用前景。     

The effect of various fire‐exposed surface dimensions on the spalling of concrete specimens

Concrete spalling due to fire exposure is often defined as the sudden detachment of fragments from a concrete surface. It can be quantified by various parameters of which weight loss and spalling depth are the most common ones. The risk of spalling is influenced by many factors such as concrete composition, heating rate and applied testing methods. A reduced scale testing method should be developed to analyse the spalling behaviour and to understand its effectiveness in more detail. As a subsection of this development, this study aimed to analyse the effect of different‐sized, circular heated areas in semi full‐scale fire tests. Therefore, vermiculite slabs with varying cut‐outs in their centre were placed between a specimen made of a spalling‐sensitive concrete and the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber was heated following a standard fire curve. Our experimental results show that the thermal expansion inside of equal‐sized specimens is strongly dependent on the size of the heated area. In addition, this area also affects thermal stresses. They decrease as a result of lower temperature gradients for tests with smaller unheated boundary areas. Apart from this, the analysis of fragments shows no correlation between their relative volume distribution and the heated area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑爆裂影响的轴向约束高强混凝土柱耐火性能研究

应用有限元软件ABAQUS,基于一次爆裂模式,建立了轴向约束高强混凝土（HSC）柱的抗火分析模型.采用试验数据验证了模型的合理性.采用验证后的模型,分析了不同轴向约束刚度比下高强混凝土柱轴力及位移变化的规律,重点考虑了爆裂深度、爆裂长度、爆裂开始时间等爆裂参数对高强混凝土柱轴向位移、截面温度场和耐火极限的影响规律.研究表明：相同爆裂时间前提下,HSC柱轴向位移随爆裂深度、爆裂长度的增大而增大,耐火极限随之减小.爆裂深度、爆裂长度相同前提下,爆裂开始时间对HSC柱的耐火性能影响很小.当荷载比不变时,轴向约束刚度比对HSC柱膨胀阶段的最大轴向位移影响甚小,但是在越过初始平衡位置的收缩阶段对轴向位移影响很大.轴向约束刚度比对轴向约束HSC柱的耐火极限影响不大.     

聚丙烯纤维改性橡胶高强混凝土高温性能研究

对研配的试件进行了高温试验,利用外表面观察法和残余强度法对比研究了高强混凝土、橡胶粉高强混凝土及聚丙烯纤维改性橡胶粉高强混凝土高温作用后的性能变化.研究结果表明,聚丙烯纤维的加入有效地改善了高强混凝土和橡胶粉高强混凝土的高温抗爆裂性能,聚丙烯纤维与适量的橡胶粉混杂有利于提高橡胶粉高强混凝土的剩余抗压强度.     

纤维对超高性能混凝土残余强度及高温爆裂性能的影响

采用普通原材料制备56 d龄期抗压强度为140~160 MPa的空白组超高性能混凝土、钢纤维超高性能混凝土及混杂纤维超高性能混凝土,测定其遭受高温作用后的残余抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,并对100%含湿量的混凝土试块进行高温爆裂试验。此外,测定大小2种加热速率对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂行为的影响。结果表明:所配制混凝土的残余抗压强度均随着目标温度的升高呈现先增大再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余抗压强度约为常温强度的30%。钢纤维与混杂纤维混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度亦呈现先升高再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余劈裂抗拉强度分别为常温强度的15.1%和35.4%。空白组混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度随着目标温度的升高而单调下降,800℃高温后的强度值约为常温强度的20.3%。7.5℃/min加热速率下,100%含湿量的3种混凝土试块均发生了严重高温爆裂,单掺钢纤维可以改善超高性能混凝土的高温爆裂,但不能避免爆裂的发生,而混杂纤维对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂的改善效果并未显著优于钢纤维。2.5℃/min加热速率下,混杂纤维可避免部分超高性能混凝土试块发生爆裂。