Improving Ideality of P-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistors via Preventing Undesired Minority Carrier Injection

Electron injection plays a crucial role in arousing the double-slope characteristics for p-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with narrow-bandgap organic semiconductors (OSCs). This issue will not only result in the misrepresentation of OFET performance but also may cause device instability, hence impeding their further development in real-world applications. A facile and highly efficient approach is developed to circumvent this issue by implementing modification on the electrode/organic semiconductor interface. An ultrathin layer of wide-bandgap OSC with suitable energy levels is introduced to block the undesirable electron injection. By this means, typical double-slope behaviors and bias stress stability in the p-type OFETs can be significantly improved. Using 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene-based OFETs the double-slope behaviors of as-fabricated devices are effectively converted to near-ideal behaviors after modification, leading to a dramatic improvement of average reliability from 65.11% to 91.76%. Furthermore, the positive drift of transfer curves under prolonged bias stress is also successfully suppressed. This strategy demonstrates good universality and can provide a new guideline for the fabrication of OFETs with ideal behaviors.     

Experimental investigation on bubble growth and detachment characteristics on vertical microelectrode surface under electrode-normal magnetic field in water electrolysis

The effects of current density and electrode-normal magnetic fields on the growth and detachment characteristics of a single bubble on vertical microelectrode surface have been investigated. A high-speed camera was used to capture the bubble evolution behavior and the bubble contact characteristic parameters were extracted and analyzed with OpenCV-Python program. The results reveal that an apparent bubble coalescence behavior occurs at low current densities and can be gradually inhibited with increasing current density. With the increase of current density, the bubble growth rate, departure diameter, working electrode potential and potential fluctuations increase, while the bubble growth time first increases and then decreases continuously. The upper microelectrode surface is more easily covered than the lower microelectrode surface. The whole microelectrode can be completely covered when the current density exceeds a certain limit with and without magnetic fields. The external magnetic fields can obviously promote the bubble detachment behavior within a relatively large current density range.     

三维表面粗糙度测量方法综述

表面粗糙度测量是评估零件表面特性的重要手段。经过二十多年的发展，三维表面粗糙度逐渐成为反映工件表面特性的重要指标。本文总结并比较了多种三维表面粗糙度的测量方法及特点，根据测量过程是否接触被测表面，将三维表面粗糙度测量方法分为接触式测量法与非接触式测量法。接触式测量法主要包括触针扫描法；非接触式测量法主要包括光学法(相移干涉显微法、相干扫描干涉法、数字全息法、共聚焦显微法、共聚焦色差显微法、点自动对焦法、变焦法、激光三角法和光切法)和电镜法(扫描电子显微法、扫描隧道显微法、扫描近场光学显微法和原子力显微法)。针对每种测量方法的发展现状，本文讨论了其适用范围及局限性，并指出未来的发展方向。     

Does placebo effect exist in contact lens discomfort management?

PurposeTo study the effect of daily disposable contact lens (DDCL) refitting in monthly contact lens (CL) wearers suffering from contact lens discomfort (CLD), and to assess if there is a placebo effect associated with this CLD intervention.MethodsSymptomatic CL wearers, according to the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire 8 (CLDEQ-8 ≥ 12 points), were divided into two groups. The study group was provided with DDCLs (delefilcon A) and the control group with a masked pair of their habitual monthly CLs (placebo effect) and were assessed after one month. Then, the control group was provided with the same DDCLs and evaluated one month later. The symptoms were recorded with the CLDEQ-8 and global rating of change scale (GRCS). Non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT), conjunctival hyperaemia, fluorescein staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) were evaluated. Changes between visits, groups, and the effect of each intervention were analysed.ResultsThirty-one participants (mean age: 23.2 ± 5.3 years) were recruited. The study group (n = 14) showed an improvement of -39.6 ± 25.8 % (p < 0.001) in CLDEQ-8 and 31.3 ± 14.6 points in GRCS (p < 0.001) after one month of DDCL use, while no changes in clinical tests were found. In the control group (n = 17), symptoms improved significantly after wearing the masked monthly CL (CLDEQ-8: -26.1 ± 31.0 %, p = 0.03; GRCS: 14.9 ± 17.0, p = 0.002), however a worsening in bulbar (26.5 ± 40.0 %; p = 0.02) and limbal hyperaemia (21.6 ± 34.7 %, p = 0.02) and an improvement of -19.1 ± 37.0 % (p = 0.049) in LWE was found. When the control group was fitted with the DDCL, improvements in GRCS (20.5 ± 25.5, p = 0.02), NITBUT (37.9 ± 42.3 %, p = 0.002), and conjunctival staining (-47.1 ± 59.9 %, p = 0.005) were noted.ConclusionsRefitting symptomatic monthly CL wearers with Delefilcon A DDCL is effective in reducing symptoms related to CLD. However, clinicians and researchers must be aware of the existence of a placebo effect when assessing the effectiveness of any CL refitting.     

In vitro affinity for nicotine of soft contact lenses of different materials

Smoking is a risk factor for the development of microbial keratitis and corneal infiltrates in contact lens (CL) wearers. It is still unknown if this risk is directly associated with the presence of nicotine in the eye and if adherence of nicotine on the CL can enhance these effects. A better understanding of the interaction between nicotine and CL materials could offer insights to explain this risk associated with smoking. The aim of this work was to compare the affinity of nicotine to different soft CL materials. CLs from FDA groups I, II, IV, and V were incubated in a 2-mM nicotine solution for 24 h and then in a 0.9% saline solution for the next 24 h. The amount of absorbed and released nicotine per CL was deduced as a function of time (t) by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and normalised to the mass of the hydrated CL. The data were described by the equation y = b –a t^?1, where a and b are constants, and b represents the mass reached at the plateau after ~ 10 min of exposure. Groups IV and V displayed the highest (0.80 ± 0.09 µg) and lowest (0.27 ± 0.08 µg) nicotine absorption per mg of hydrated CL, respectively. The CL affinity for nicotine could be ascribed to the interaction between the positive charge of nicotine pyrrolidine nitrogen and the negative charges of the CLs, especially for the ionic IV group.     

Hydrogen annealing induced physical properties of ZnTe thin films

The ZnTe material has an unprecedented role in the fabrication of high efficiency CdTe thin film solar cells and optimization of hydrogen annealing induced physical properties of ZnTe films is next required step. Consequently, in the present work, the impact of Hydrogen annealing temperature on the structural, optical, electrical, topographical, morphological, and compositional properties of ZnTe films is explored. The ZnTe thin films (having 300 nm thickness) are grown via electron-beam evaporation technique on glass and ITO substrates followed by annealing at different temperatures under a Hydrogen atmosphere. The ZnTe films are found to crystallize in cubic phase with (111) predominant peak having crystallite size in the range of 19–28 nm, whereas annealed films demonstrated lower optical transmittance vis-à-vis to pristine films. The PL spectra exhibit two luminescence peaks with a stronger band at ～351 nm and a weaker band at ～450 nm. Ohmic behavior of ZnTe films is assured through I–V characteristics, while the AFM images revealed hill-like surface topographies. The FESEM image of pristine films demonstrated a homogeneous surface comprising spherical grains whereas annealed films have spherical, stone, and blisters like morphologies. The EDS patterns assured the Te element richness as well as successful ZnTe films deposition. The observed findings signify that the Hydrogen annealing at different temperatures notably modified the physical properties of ZnTe films.     

Experimental investigation on the effect of tangential force on wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviors of wheel material

The study aims to explore the effect of tangential force on wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behaviors of wheel material using a JD-1 wheel/rail simulation facility. The normal, tangential and lateral forces between the wheel/rail rollers are controlled, and the magnetic power brake was used to generate the tangential forces (16–330 N). The results indicate that the surface hardness and wear loss of wheel rollers increase with the tangential force increasing. The surface cracks mouths are perpendicular to the resultant directions of the frictional forces. There are visible secondary cracks and multilayer cracks and the interlayer material of multilayer cracks are easy to break. The compositions of wear debris consist of Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄ and iron.     

氨气等离子体改性处理芳纶Ⅲ表面的研究

以氨气为反应气体,对芳纶Ⅲ进行等离子体表面改性处理,研究了等离子体处理时间和处理功率对纤维表面性能的影响;采用X射线光电子能谱、场发射扫描电镜、接触角和微脱粘实验等测试方法对改性前后纤维表面元素组成、形貌、润湿能力以及界面粘结强度进行表征。结果表明:芳纶Ⅲ经过氨气等离子体改性后,表面含氮极性基团的含量增加,粗糙程度增大,润湿能力得到明显的改善;当氨气等离子体处理时间为15 min,功率为100 W时,芳纶Ⅲ与环氧树脂的界面粘结强度从处理前的12.9 MPa提高到18.2 MPa,与水的接触角由处理前的71.4°下降到46.8°。     

Characterization of Glass Beads Surface Modified with Ionic Surfactants

Knowledge of the wetting characteristic of mineral surfaces is very important in enhancing the efficiency of separation of valuable minerals from gangue using froth flotation or oil agglomeration. In this paper a capillary rise technique was used to characterize the glass beads surface modified with cationic surfactant. The glass microspheres were used as model particles with a spherical shape and smooth surface to eliminate the roughness effect. The value of the contact angle for water was found to be 21.5 for unmodified beads, and 61.8, 89.7, 68.4 for 0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/g_solid of CTAB, and 39.8, 68.6, 87.9 for 0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/g_solid of DDAHCl, respectively. Data revealed that the adsorption of surfactant onto glass beads decreased the value of the electron donor component, γ-, which defines the hydrophobicity of the surface. Also, the property of the surface was investigated by flotation and oil agglomeration experiments. It was observed that particles with low value of contact angle for water and high for 1-bromonaphthalene and low value of γ- were floated with a recovery equal to 91.1 and 83.1% for CTAB and DDAHCl, respectively, and effectively agglomerated. This indicates that the capillary rise method can be successfully used to predict the wetting properties of solid particles in mineral processing.     

作业井环空防溢控制系统密封胶芯接触压力研究

以有限元软件为平台建立防喷器系统模型,模拟密封胶芯环空控制压力,进行密封胶芯的接触压力仿真计算。结果表明:胶芯密封面最大接触压力分布具备明显的非线性特征;胶芯最大位移(变形)和应力位于胶芯内圆柱面的中间环面部位。针对胶芯端面环空压力和液体推挤作用,可通过硫化防突铁芯工艺,有效抑制端面溢胶现象,延长胶芯使用寿命。